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International Journal of Management (IJM)
Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2020, pp. 1307-1317, Article ID: IJM_11_06_119
Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510
DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.119
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
CAREER DECISION AND INDECISION OF
STUDENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL SCHOOLS
Pabitra Kumar Das
Scholar, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Rakesh Kumar Dangi
Scholar, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh,
(Young Professional, National Career Service, Government of India), India
Iswar Chandra Naik
Associate Dean, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
Purpose of the study: The investigators explored the students' career decision
making ability and career indecisiveness at secondary level. Methodology: Cross
sectional design was considered for this study (N=207), standardized psychometric
tool on career decision making style used and for mediation analysis non parametric
tests were used in this study Main findings: The finding shows that there is no
significant difference between the students belonging to two different types of schools.
The results demonstrate the students in State Board runs school are just slightly
lagging behind in comparison to the students of CBSE schools in career decisiveness
score. But State Board run school students were found to have scored more in career
indecisiveness. CBSE students with career guidance and counseling services were
proved to be more cautious; significant difference was found in their career
indecisiveness score. And sex identities of the respondents in relation to career
indecisiveness girls comparatively to boys, were found scoring slightly high.
Implications: The study exhorts career counseling and guidance service can be
equalizer for students irrespective of backgrounds, for countering with career
indecisiveness at the secondary level school
Key words: Career Decisiveness, Career Indecisiveness, Gender, School, Counseling,
Guidance
Cite this Article: Pabitra Kumar Das, Rakesh Kumar Dangi and Iswar Chandra Naik,
Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools, International
Journal of Management, 11(6), 2020, pp. 1307-1317.
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Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools
1. INTRODUCTION
Career decision making and career choice behaviour seemingly looks alike. In reality, they are
not same pattern of behaviour; rather the latter depends on the first set of activities. A
student’s career decision making ability depends on several external and internal factors that
compositely work for authentic decision making. Any decision in life bears various effects
and impact and this also configures other people in student’s network of relationship in the
society. Career decision making is one such, it may lead to success if scientifically made,
instead leading to failure. The repercussion of one’s career decision influences individual and
societal affairs related to exploitation of talents and progress of financial status in long run.
th
Critical decision takes place at the end of secondary education i.e. after 10 standard in
school; a student comes across the juncture, what would be the next course on humanities or
commerce or science? In secondary schools where guidance and career counseling
programme is a regularized event, the students have exposures and they quite spontaneously
go for right decision after assessing their own academic potentials and academic achievement
as well as family’s psychosocial and monetary back up. But the schools can’t run such
programme, students depend on others; these others are subject teacher, school
headmaster/mistress, parents or peers. It is always true pedigree children will excel over the
others; at present in Indian education system, the others are numerous who suffer from
dilemma of career decision making.
“Under such circumstances, it becomes more important to study career decisiveness and
more importantly examine the process of career planning which eventually leads to career
decisiveness” (Chatterjee, 2013). Individual’s decision leads to his or her choice. Career
choice behaviours centre on the dynamics of person’s career aspiration. Student’s knowledge
about his or her self-efficacy belief and support resources play essential role in career choice
behaviour; a student from either State Board school or Public school under CBSE, generally
tend to follow the fellow students on their behaviour and career choice behaviours also come
under this purview which may be labeled as peer influence, which sometimes becomes very
prominent factor. In such circumstances, a student’s critical and creative thinking ability, his
or her problem-solving and decision making ability enable and empower him or her right
career choice behaviours.
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS OF CAREER DECISION
MAKING AND CAREER CHOICE BEHAVIOUR
Theories on career decision making and career choice behaviour are for specific people and
principles (Osipow, 1989); individual’s traits along with the psychosocial needs are prime
factors in making career decision. It is likely, an individual level of intelligence and
personality develops the capacity to make right career decision. “From the ‘rules’ of honour to
sense of honour” (Pierre Bourdieu,1977) is the social as well as psychosocial factor that work
unpredictably in life of individual to make either correct or incorrect career decisions leading
to decisiveness and indecisiveness. Critically, following Bourdieu’s theory, Hodkinson &
Andrew C. Sparkes ,(1997) simplifying it as a shared and integrated career decision making
model; it articulates that realistic decisions are based on practicality with an interface with
other people and resources and it follows random pattern in entire life course of individual. In
different stages of growth and development individual come across several trajectories related
to career development and various difficulties are met by the career decision-makers.
Sometimes, multilayered process works on by individual mind for making decision and his
behavioural effort may not at a conscious level and manifestation on those course of action
may be ineffectual and detrimental to superior decisions (Krieshok, T.S.,1998).
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Pabitra Kumar Das, Rakesh Kumar Dangi and Iswar Chandra Naik
Decision making theories and career assessment, Hardin, Leong and Frederick (2004)
found similarities and unlikeness in context of gender. They share predictive value is more for
career maturity when a person’s decision making ability is higher. Three dynamics of
indecision are derivative to i)“insufficiently informed about the alternatives, ii) valuation
problems, and iii) uncertainty about the outcomes” (Germeijs, Boeck, 2003). They found it
studying high school students’ career decision practice of options for higher education; career
indecision is because of lack of information, incorrect valuation and uncertain outcomes. The
significance of factors like valuation and outcomes for career indecision is borne by the
students’ intermediary role between common hesitancy and career indecision. The constant
features of career decision-making difficulties related to individuals emotional and personality
factors are due to common indecisiveness, low self-esteem, trait anxiety, and crisis identity.
These four elements in an individual play predictive role of persistent career decision-making
difficulties (Noa Saka, Itamar Gati, 2007). . The complex processes concerned in making a
decision can be said as decision making styles. The styles may be adaptive, else maladaptive
depending on adolescent students’ decision making potentials, which sometimes is considered
to be connected with parenting. In general, “maladaptive decision making styles are the most
prevalent, and that they often are associated with detrimental outcomes for students’ career
development”. However, parents can play important roles in this field for correcting
maladaptive decision making styles of their children shaping the future (Davids, Roman &
Leach, 2016).
3. REVIEWS
Priyanka Dani , Hetvi Desai (2018) explored career decision making of 10th board students in
some areas like students’ personal, social and family how these factors influence. They found
that influences of these factors are not so strongly correlated except family. They
recommended career guidance and counseling for the students for directing their thoughts and
making authentic career decision. At secondary level students are generally not so mature to
make correct decision without external support and guidance, Inchara, Gayathri and Vishnu
Priya (2019) opined the need of guidance, especially vocational guidance can rightly assist the
students to make preference of career as per their aptitude, potentials and economic resources.
Their study revealed that “awareness about selection and recruitment process not only
influences the student’s career decision-making ability but also effects on selection of college
major choice, persistence, societal contact, and familial inspirations”.
The influence of gender on career decision making is considerable as students at
secondary level mostly affected with role confusion because at this stage, they start
internalizing gender roles in accordance to their socio cultural practices. “Career
genderization starts in middle school or early in high school” (Adya & Kaiser, 2005). Earlier,
it was generally found male preferred for technical careers while female were found interested
st
century gender role stereotyping is fading
in “management of the family and home”. In 21
(Arulmani & Van Laar D, and Easton 1995) it is found gender and career decision making has
corollary. Millward et al. (2006) studied 2447 adolescents between 14 and 19 years of age to
explore first choice for work and jobs and the function of gender. They reported strong
presence of gender stereotypes that induces career decision making behaviour. They revealed
differences in career aspirations with boys prioritizing financial sides while girls were found
more “importance on work-life balance and job attributes”. Most research participants lay
higher importance to the suggestions given by their parents along with their own instincts in
making career decision. Greenback (2009) finds students belonging to middleclass families
suffer from career decision making and planning due to their “taken for granted assumptions
and biases”. His findings from in-depth interviews reveal students are reluctant to use
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Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools
available information and not just repository of career information but guidance also required
for the students “to develop alternative approaches to career decision‐making”.
The consequence of self-esteem and locus of control in career decision making was
studied in 224 school adolescents. He found both self-esteem and locus of control were
significantly related and had effect on career decision making styles of both boys and girls.
Pearson’s correlation used in this study showed significant corollary in decision making, and
locus of control reported for more variation. The value of locus of control in the career
guidance practice was obvious in context of secondary school students (Nand Kishor, 1981).
Supreet (2016) conducted a study to explore career decision making over peer group
influence among the adolescent students. Decision making scale and peer group influence
scale were used in equal number of respondents (n-200, boys-100 and girls-100) and the
results showed “significant relationship between career decision making and peer group
influence of the adolescents”. The influence of peer group was found to sway group members
exclusively those were submissive. Unlike other studies, the findings also negate significant
difference on career decision making between boys and girls. Salome, Vijaykumar and
Lavanya (2015) found parental engagement and encouragement to students assist in better
career decision making and avoidance of indecisiveness.
4. OBJECTIVES
• To study career decision-making ability of high school students of State Board and
CBSE schools.
• To find out students’ career choice behaviour in State Board and CBSE run schools.
• To explore relative factors behind the students’ career decision-making ability and
career choice behaviour.
5. HYPOTHESIS
• There is no significant difference in career decision making score of girls and boys.
• There is no significant difference in career decision making score of students of State
Board and CBSE schools.
• There is no significant difference in career choice behaviour score of girls and boys.
• There is no significant difference in career choice behaviour score of students of State
Board and CBSE schools.
• There is no significant relation between students’ career decision making score and of
their career choice behaviour score.
6. METHODS
Cross sectional design is undertaken in this study. Rationale behind such design is assessment
of the target groups two different students’ groups from State Board run schools and public
schools under CBSE. Cross sectional appraisal was carried out in the schools within Ujjain
district in Madhyapradesh for an extent of 28 days period in December 2019 and early
January 2020. The schools were identified and prior permission was sought from the
concerned principals and headmasters; and the participants of the study were drawn with
cluster and proportionate sampling methods.
Data were collected by the supervisors coming across 6 private schools and 10 govt. run
th
secondary schools. Students studying at 10 standard, both boys and girls were the research
participants. Class teachers of the respective schools facilitated in data collection process by
assembling the students and sharing benefits of such participation and the actual participants
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