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CIT-02/Functional Translation/ Block-1/ Technical Aspects of Functional Translation/ Unit-7
Course Writer: Dr. Abhilash Nayak, Regional Director, IGNOU, Bhubaneswar.
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Unit-7: Understanding Sentence Structures in English and Odia
Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Sentences in English and Odia (On the basis of forms)
1.2.1 Simple Sentences
1.2.2. Compound Sentences
1.2.3 Complex Sentences
1.3 Types of Sentences in English and Odia (On the basis of functions)
1.3.1 Affirmative Sentences
1.3.2 Negative Sentences
1.3.3 Interrogative Sentences
1.3.4 Exclamatory Sentences
1.4 Summing Up
1.5 Unit-End Exercise
1.6 Model Answers to Self-Check Exercises
1.0 Objectives
After studying this unit you should be able:
• Identify the similarities and differences in sentence structure in English and Odia
• Understand the similarities and differences in the structure of simple, compound and
complex sentences English and Odia
• Understand the similarities and differences in the structure of affirmative, negative,
interrogative and exclamatory sentences in English and Odia
• Apply your understanding of the differences in both the languages and translate from
English to Odia with more ease;
1.1 Introduction
With the increase in the importance of English at the global level, the need to translate
documents in English to Odia has become an imperative. In a bilingual situation, we often
come across information or communication gaps, which we can overcome through translation
from English to the vernacular or the regional language of the state concerned. While
translating from English to Odia, a good understanding of the sentence structure of both the
languages is highly essential. As discussed in a previous unit, the basic sentence structures in
both the languages are different. In English we follow the SVO (Subject+ Verb+ Object)
pattern whereas in Odia and most of the other Indian languages we find the SOV (Subject+
Object+ Verb) pattern. Besides, the sentence patterns keep on expanding in response to the
need of different communication situations. In this lesson we shall deal with the structures of
sentences in English and Odia in terms of their forms and functions. As there is less scope for
the discussion of all the sentence structures in both the languages, some of the basic sentence
patterns have been discussed.
1.7 1.2. Types of Sentences in English and Odia (On the basis of structure)
Sentences in English can be classified into mainly three types on the basis of their forms.
They can be simple, compound or complex in terms of the finite verbs, the number of
dependent and independent clauses.
1.2.1. Simple Sentences
Study the following sentences in English and their equivalents in Odia.
English Odia
• Rhaul is a smart boy. • eûjêf RùY iàûUð _òfûö
• The boy standing near the gate is my • ùMUþ _ûLùe Vò@û ùjûA[ôaû _òfûUò ùcûe iûwö
friend. • cêñ @û_Yu ij ùMûUòG `ùUû CVûAaûKê Pûùjñö
• I want to have a snap with you. • ]ìc_û^ ÊûiÚý _ùl lZòKûeKö
• Smoking is bad for health.
• All the boys of this school are very good • G Äêfþe iaê _òfû bf ùLkûkúö
players.
All these sentences contain a single subject and single finite verb. Sentences which have one
finite verb and convey a complete sense are called simple sentences.
Self-Check Exercise-1
Translate the following simple sentences into Odia.
1. I cannot stay here for such a long time.
2. The murmur of the river is very soothing.
3. Swimming is my favourite hobby.
4. I don’t like talking to strangers during my travel in trains.
5. Saurav wants to catch butterflies in the garden..
6. Walking down the road, I met an old friend of mine.
7. I don’t think it wise to do this work now.
8. I have never seen a tiger more ferocious than this.
9. People should obey the rules of the road.
10. My neighbours have asked us to take care of their pet dog.
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1.2.2. Compound Sentences
Look at the following examples to understand the nature and function of the compound
sentences in English and Odia:
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English Odia
• I have no money in my pocket but I can • ùcû _ùKUþùe KòQò Uuû ^ûjó cêñ Kò«ê Zêc _ûAñ ]ûe
borrow some money for you. Keò _ûeòaòö
• Students want to go for a picnic, so they • _òfûcûù^ _òKþ^òKþ ~òaû_ûAñ PûjêñQ«ò; ùZYê
have gathered in the garden. ùicûù^ aMòPûùe GKZâòZ ùjûAQ«òö
• You have to choose either mathematics • ZêcKê MYòZ Kò´û _\û[ð aòmû^ aûQòaûKê ùja /
or physics as an optional. _Wòa ö
• I am not only a teacher but also a good • cêñ ùKak RùY gòlK ^êùjñ, cêñ c¤ RùY bf
player. MûdKö
• Either you finish your job in time or face • Zêùc KûcUòKê VòKþ icdùe iûe ^ùjùf \Š
punishment. _ûAaö
• Neither the master nor his servant could • cê^òa Kò PûKe ùKjò ùjùf ùcû iciýû icû]û^
solve my problem. Keò_ûeòùf ^ûjóö
In all the above sentences we see the presence of two independent clauses joined by
coordinating conjunctions like and, or, but, either…or, neither. .nor, so, still etc. Sentences
which have two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction are called
compound sentences. The independent clauses can be used independently as separate
sentences. In place of the coordinating conjunctions of English, we use the Odia equivalents
like ‘o I’ for ’and’, ‘ba aû’/’kimba Kò´û’ for ‘or’, ‘kintu Kò«ê ’ for ‘but’, ‘tenu ùZYê ’ for ‘so’,
‘tathapi Z[û_ò’ for ‘still’ etc,
Self-Check Exercise-2
Translate the following compound sentences into English.
1. Meera sang a song and Meena danced.
2. I want to help you but not at the cost of my safety.
3. I don’t have any assistant but I can do all my works on my own.
4. The youth love freedom, so they think it a bondage to stay at home.
5. Neither the Minister nor his ministers knew the secret route.
6. You should either take an umbrella or walk in the shadow.
7. I have learnt both cycling and horse riding.
8. My mother is not keeping well, still she never stops cooking.
9. You do this again and I will kill you.
10. The police will not only arrest the thief but will also seize the property stolen by him.
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1.2.3 Complex Sentences
Look at the following complex sentences in English and Odia:
English Odia
1. If you cannot do this work alone, seek 1. Zêùc ~\ò G KûcUòKê GKû Keò ^_ûe ùZùa
help of your friends. Zêce ùKû÷÷Yiò iûwe iûjû~ý ^ò@ö
2. Unless you come in time, you will 2. Zêùc VòKþ icdùe ^ @ûiòùf Zêùc @ûM
miss the first row. ]ûWÿòùe aiò_ûeòa^òö
3. Since you are a regular customer, I 3. @û_Y ù~ùjZê @ûc ùeMêfûe KÁce, cêñ
shall allow you 10% rebate. @û_Yuê 10% eòjûZò ù\aòö
4. As soon as it started raining, we all 4. ahðû ùjaû cûùZâ @ûùc \CWÿòaû @ûe¸
started running..
5. If you throw a stone into water, it Keòù\fêö
sinks. 5. _ûYò bòZeKê ùXfûUòG ù`û_ûWÿòùf Zûjû aêWÿò
6. The hungry women ate the food as if ~ûGö
she had not eaten for ages. 6. ùbûKòfû ÈúùfûKUò Lû\ý GcòZò LûAfû iùZ
7. I will leave this place only when my ù~còZò ùi ~êM ~êM ]eò LûA ^[ôfûö
friend arrives. 7. ùcû iûw @ûiòùf jó cêñ G iÚû^ QûWÿò ~òaòö
8. You can take whatever book you like. 8. Zêùc ù~Cñ ajò Pûjñ ù^A_ûeö
9. No one knows why Gandhiji was 9. Mû§òRúuê KûjóKò jZýû KeûMfû ùKjò
killed. RûYò^ûjûñ«òö
10. Whatever you choose is acceptable to 10. Zêùc ~ûjû _i¦ Keòa Zûjû ùcû_ûAñ MâjYúdö
me.
In each of the above sentences, we notice that there are two clauses: one main (independent)
clause and one dependent clause. The dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating
conjunctions like if, unless, since, as soon as, as if, why, when and whatever. There are many
more such conjunctions. But what we should note is that in most of the cases the subordinate
clause comes first in the Odia sentences whereas in English it is possible to put them either at the
beginning or end of the sentences. In place of the conjunctions, we use the Odia equivalents like
‘jadi ~\ò’ for if, ‘jehetu ù~ùjZê’ for since, ‘jaha ~ûjû’ for ‘what’, ‘sate jemiti ù~còZò’ for ‘as if’, ‘jaha
~ûjû’ for ‘whatever’, ‘kahinki KûjóKò’ for ‘why’, ‘jeun ù~Cñ’ for ‘whatever’ etc. We must take care to
ensure that the translated sentence conveys the sense that the original sentence carries.
Self-Check Exercise-3
Translate the following idioms, phrasal verbs and collocations into Odia.
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