Exhibit 12.1 Distinguishing 
                                   Managership from Leadership
                  Chapter 12, Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Nancy Langton, Management, Eighth Canadian Edition.                                                                     2
                  Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
                                          The Place of Leadership
                  • Can Anyone Be a Leader?
                            – Some people don’t have what it
                                    takes to be a leader
                            – Some people are more motivated to
                                    lead than others
                  • Is Leadership Always Necessary?
                            – Some people don’t need leaders
                            – Leaders need to be aware of followers’ needs
                  Chapter 12, Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Nancy Langton, Management, Eighth Canadian Edition.                                                                     3
                  Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
                                     Early Leadership Theories
                  •            Trait Theories (1920s–30s)
                            –           Research that focused on identifying personal characteristics that 
                                        differentiated leaders from nonleaders was unsuccessful
                            –           Later research on the leadership process identified seven traits 
                                        associated with successful leadership:
                                       1. Drive
                                       2. desire to lead
                                       3. honesty and integrity
                                       4. self-confidence
                                       5. Intelligence
                                       6. job-relevant knowledge
                                       7. extraversion
                  Chapter 12, Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Nancy Langton, Management, Eighth Canadian Edition.                                                                     4
                  Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
                                                  Behavioural Theories
                  • University of Iowa Studies (Kurt Lewin)
                            – Identified three leadership styles:
                                      • Autocratic style: centralized authority, low participation
                                      • Democratic style: involvement, high participation, feedback
                                      • Laissez-faire style: hands-off management
                            – Research findings: mixed results
                                      • No specific style was consistently better for producing 
                                           better performance
                                      • Employees were more satisfied under a democratic leader 
                                           than an autocratic leader
                  Chapter 12, Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Nancy Langton, Management, Eighth Canadian Edition.                                                                     5
                  Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
                             Behavioural Theories (cont’d)
                  • Ohio State Studies
                            – Identified two dimensions of leader behaviour
                                       • Initiating structure: the role of the leader in defining
                                            his or her role and the roles of group members
                                       • Consideration: the leader’s mutual trust and respect for 
                                            group members’ ideas and feelings
                  • University of Michigan Studies
                            – Identified two dimensions of leader behaviour
                                       • Employee oriented: emphasizing personal relationships
                                       • Production oriented: emphasizing task accomplishment
                  Chapter 12, Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Nancy Langton, Management, Eighth Canadian Edition.                                                                     6
                  Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.