EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE
   • Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
   • Family of six children
   • Age 15, a nurse saved her father while 
    hospitalized for a  serious illness
   • Influenced decision to be a nurse
      EDUCATION – EXPERIENCE
    • Nursing Diploma (Registered Nurse), St. Joseph's 
     Hospital School of Nursing Hamilton, Canada 1958
    • University of California Medical Center, Los Angeles
      • Obstetrics and gynecology
      • Emergency department
      • Cardiac and critical care (adults and children)
      • Developed interest in diverse cultures
    • Bachelor of Science (BSN), Nursing, University of 
     Colorado School of Nursing Denver, Colorado 1968
                           EDUCATION –EXPERIENCE
             • Master of Science (MS), Maternal/Child Nursing, University of 
                Colorado School of Nursing Denver, Colorado 1969
                     • Met Dr. Madeline Leininger (first nurse anthropologist)
                     • Developed interest in anthropology
                     • Studied children’s hospital as a small culture
                     • Clinical Practice – children and adults
                              •  Critical care
                              •  Renal dialysis
             • First teaching position: 
                     • University of California San Francisco
                     • Dr. Barney Glaser and Dr. Anselm Strauss
                              •  Grounded Theory
                              •  Developed interest in qualitative research 
             • 1971 – traveled to Mexico to study anthropology and health – field 
                work in small villages (learned of life of aboriginal people)
             • 1972 – returned to Canada to be close to family
                              •  Occupational health
                              •  Neonatal Intensive care
                   EDUCATION – EXPERIENCE
          • Master of Arts (MA), Cultural Anthropology, 
             McMaster University Hamilton, Canada 1978
                  • Studied:
                       •  human relationships 
                       •  decision making 
                       •  Conflict
                       •  Hospital as an organizational culture
          • Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Transcultural Nursing, 
             University of Utah College of Nursing Salt Lake 
             City, Utah, 1981 
                  • First transcultural doctoral program in the US
                  • Doctoral Dissertation “A Study of Caring Within An 
                     Institutional Culture”
                   EDUCATION – EXPERIENCE
          • One of the co-founders of International Association 
             for Human Caring (IAHC) 1978
          • University of Colorado 1981 
                  • Jean Watson
                  • Developed interest in phenomenology
                  • Dissertation Chair for Dr. Alice Davidson 
                           •  Science of Complexity
          • Florida Atlantic University 1989
                  • Retired 2004 
                  • Professor Emerita