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File: Railway Engineering Pdf 43534 | 5 2019 11 12!12 49 34 Pm
railway engineering lec no 1 1 introduction the history of railways is closely linked with civilization as the necessity arose human beings developed various methods of transporting goods from one ...

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                 Railway Engineering:                                                        Lec. No.1
                                                                                        
                1- Introduction 
                The  history  of  railways  is  closely  linked  with  civilization.  As  the 
                necessity arose, human beings developed various methods of transporting 
                goods from one place to another. In the primitive days goods were carried 
                as head loads or in carts drawn by men or animals. Then efforts were 
                made to replace animal power with mechanical power. 
                In 1769, Nicholes Carnot, a Frenchman, carried out the pioneering work 
                of developing steam energy. This work had very limited success and it 
                was  only  in  the  year  1804  that  Richard  Trevithick  designed  and 
                constructed a steam locomotive. This locomotive, however, could be used 
                for traction on roads only. The credit of perfecting the design goes to 
                George Stephenson, who in 1814 produced the first steam locomotive 
                used for traction in railways. 
                The  first  public  railway  in  the  world  was  opened  to  traffic  on  27 
                September  1825  between  Stockton  and  Darlington  in  the  UK. 
                Simultaneously, other countries in Europe also developed such railway 
                systems; most introduced trains for carriage of passenger traffic during 
                that time. The first railway in Germany was opened from Nurenberg to 
                Furth in 1835. The USA opened its first railway line between Mohawk 
                and Hudson in 1833. The first railway line in Iraq was Baghdad line 
                (Istanbul – Baghdad) 2400 km between (1903-1940). 
                Railway Network in Iraq: 
                Baghdad – Mosul             412 km 
                Mosul – Rabi             112 km 
                Baghdad – Basra            542 km 
                يجيب – ةثيدح – كوكرك          272 km 
                 ةبيعش – دادغب                       572 km      
                تاشاكع – مئاقلا                    150 km                         
                Different Modes of Transport 
                Our  environment  consists  of  land,  air,  and  water.  These  media  have 
                provided scope for three modes of transport—land transport, air transport 
                and  water  transport.  Rail  transport  and  road  transport  are  the  two 
                components of land transport. Each mode of transport, depending upon its 
                 1                                                      Dr. Gofran J. Qasim
                                                                                        
                 Railway Engineering:                                                        Lec. No.1
                                                                                         
                various characteristics, has intrinsic strengths and weaknesses and can be 
                best used for a particular type of traffic as given below. 
                Rail transport Owing to the heavy expenditure on the basic infrastructure 
                required, rail transport is best suited for carrying bulk commodities and a 
                large number of passengers over long distances. 
                Road  transport  Owing  to  flexibility  of  operation  and  the  ability  to 
                provide door to-door service, road transport is ideally suited for carrying 
                light commodities and a small number of passengers over short distances. 
                Air  transport  Owing  to  the  heavy  expenditure  on  the  sophisticated 
                equipment required and the high fuel costs, air transport is better suited 
                for carrying passengers or goods that have to reach their destinations in a 
                very short period of time. 
                Water transport Owing to low cost of infrastructure and relatively slow 
                speeds, water transport is best suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods 
                over long distances provided there is no consideration of the time factor. 
                Railway as a Mode of Land Transport 
                There are two modes of land transport, railways and roads, and each has 
                its relative advantages and disadvantages. These have been summarized 
                in Table 1. 
                              Table 1. Rail transport versus road transport 
                Feature         Rail transport                 Road transport 
                                The  movement  of  steel 
                                wheels on steel rails has the  The tractive resistance of 
                Tractive        basic   advantage    of  low  a    pneumatic  tyre  on 
                resistance      rolling    resistance.   This  metalled  roads  is  almost 
                                reduces     haulage     costs  five  times  compared  to 
                                because    of  low    tractive  that of wheels on rails. 
                                resistance. 
                                A railway track is defined on  Roads,    though   having 
                                two  rails  and  is  within  well  defined  limits,  can 
                                protected limits. Trains work  be used by any vehicular 
                Right of way  as per a prescribed schedule  traffic     and    even   by 
                                and no other vehicle has the  pedestrians they are open 
                                right  of   way  except  at  to all. 
                 2              specified level crossings.              Dr. Gofran J. Qasim
                                                                                         
                 Railway Engineering:                                                        Lec. No.1
                                                                                             
                                  Owing      to    the    heavy  The  cost  of  construction 
                 Cost analysis  infrastructure,  the  initial  as  and maintenance of roads 
                                  well as maintenance cost of a  is comparatively cheaper. 
                                  railway line is high. 
                                  The  gradients  of  railways  Roads  are  constructed 
                 Gradients        tracks  are  flatter  (normally  normally   with    steeper 
                 and curves       not more than 1 in 100) and  gradients of up to 1 in 30 
                                  curves are limited up to only  and      relatively   much 
                                  10° on broad gauge.             sharper curves. 
                                  Due to the defined routes and  Road      transports   have 
                 Flexibility of   facilities  required  for  the  much  more  flexibility  in 
                 movement         reception  and  dispatch  of  movement         and      can 
                                  trains,  railways  can  be  used  provide     door-to-door 
                                  only between fixed points.      services. 
                                  Railways    have    minimum  Road  transport  creates 
                 Environment  adverse        effects   on    the  comparatively       greater 
                 pollution        environment.                    pollution     than      the 
                                                                  railways. 
                                  Railways  are  government  Barring         member  state 
                 Organization  undertakings, with their own  government            transport, 
                 and control      organization.                   road transport is managed 
                                                                  by the private sector. 
                                  Railways are best suited for  Road  transport  is  best 
                                  carrying  heavy  goods  and  suited for carrying lighter 
                 Suitability      large numbers of passengers  goods         and      smaller 
                                  over long distances.            numbers  of  passengers 
                                                                  over shorter distances. 
                   
                 2- Railway Track Gauge: 
                 Gauge is defined as the minimum distance between the inside heads of 
                 two rail 5/8 in. below the top of  rail. Iraqi Railways follows this standard 
                 practice  and  the  gauge  is  measured  as  the  clear  minimum  distance 
                 between  the  running  faces  of  the  two  rails  as  shown  in  Fig.  2.1.  In 
                 European countries, the gauge is measured between the inner faces of the 
                 two rails at a point 14 mm below the top of the rail. 
                  3                                                         Dr. Gofran J. Qasim
                                                                                             
                Railway Engineering:                                                        Lec. No.1
                                                                                    
                                                                                       
               2.1 Gauges on World Railways 
               Various gauges have been adopted by different railways in the world due 
               to  historical  and  other  considerations.  In  British  Railways,  a  gauge  of 
               1525 mm (5 feet) was initially adopted, but the wheel flanges at that time 
               were  on  the  outside  of  the  rails.  Subsequently,  in  order  to  guide  the 
               wheels better, the flanges were made inside the rails. The gauge then 
               became 1435 mm (4' 8.5"), as at that time the width of the rail at the top 
               was 45 mm (1.75"). The 1435-mm gauge became the standard gauge in 
               most European Railways. The approximate proportions of various gauges 
               on world railways are given in Table 2. 
                             Table 2. Various gauges on world railways 
                  Type of      Gauge      Gauge     % of total       Countries 
                   gauge       (mm)        (feet)     length 
                 Standard                                       England, USA, 
                   gauge        1435       4' 8.5"      62      Canada, Turkey, 
                                                                Persia, and China 
                                                                India, Pakistan, 
                Broad gauge     1676       5' 6"         6      Ceylon, Brazil, 
                                                                Argentina 
                Broad gauge     1524       5' 0"         9         Russia, Finland 
                                                                Africa, Japan, Java, 
                Cape gauge      1067       3' 6"         8      Australia, and New 
                                                                Zealand 
                                                                India, France, 
               Metric gauge     1000       3' 3.5"       9      Switzerland, and 
                                                                Argentina 
                 23 various   Different  Different       6        Various countries 
                other gauges   gauges     gauges 
                4                                                   Dr. Gofran J. Qasim
                                                                                    
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...Railway engineering lec no introduction the history of railways is closely linked with civilization as necessity arose human beings developed various methods transporting goods from one place to another in primitive days were carried head loads or carts drawn by men animals then efforts made replace animal power mechanical nicholes carnot a frenchman out pioneering work developing steam energy this had very limited success and it was only year that richard trevithick designed constructed locomotive however could be used for traction on roads credit perfecting design goes george stephenson who produced first public world opened traffic september between stockton darlington uk simultaneously other countries europe also such systems most introduced trains carriage passenger during time germany nurenberg furth usa its line mohawk hudson iraq baghdad istanbul km network mosul rabi basra different modes transport our environment consists land air water these media have provided scope three r...

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