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Sheet 1: Introduction
| Advanced Clean Truck Market Segment Analysis |
This spreadsheet contains a draft Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT) Market Segment Analysis, prepared by the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA). EMA’s member companies include the major medium- and heavy-duty truck and engine manufacturers in North America. EMA and its members have a strong interest in advancing zero-emission trucks in North America, and we recognize California’s leading role in developing the ACT market. This matrix is a first draft analysis of the suitability of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) for Class 2B through 8 commercial vehicle applications. It represents EMA’s initial view of how vehicle, fleet and infrastructure factors affect the suitability of ZEVs for each market segment. The suitability of ZEVs for a particular market segment, based on each of the listed factors, is roughly assessed with green, yellow and red color coding, and further explained in each cell. The overall suitability scores (i.e., 1 – 5) and the vehicle class categories are explained under the “Codes” tab. In addition to grading the suitability of ZEVs for each market segment, the matrix identifies the vehicle specifications needed by fleets that operate in each segment. The matrix also identifies whether vehicles in each segment are built complete by EMA members, or built in multiple stages (e.g., completed by a bodybuilder). Finally, the matrix includes estimates of the annual sales for each market segment, based on the overall annual sales in California by weight class. The “CA Sales” tab summarizes those annual California sales volumes. Please note that the sales estimates in the matrix represent the total market for new vehicles in California in each segment, of which some percentage may be converted to ZEVs. EMA considers this ACT Market Segment Analysis to be a living document. The utility of the matrix will be greatly enhanced with input from CARB, fleets and electricity providers. If you have any questions or comments on the matrix, please do not hesitate to contact Tim Blubaugh at tblubaugh@emamail.org or (312) 929-1972. |
| Battery-Electric Suitability Factors | |||||||||||||
| Suitability | Market Segment | CA Sales | Class | Vehicle Specifications | Complete/ Incomplete | Loading | Routes | Charging | Batteries | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous |
| 3 | Beverage Tractor | 123 | 8 | Conventional Day Cab Tractor, 4x2 or 6x4, 3800-4600mm wheelbase, 33000-52000 lbs GVWR, 240-450 HP, 750-1650 ft-lb torque | I | Start at max load, diminish throughout day | Fixed, 100 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Untrained driver (driving is not main job) | |||
| 2 | School Bus - Class C (Longer Rural Routes) | 87 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2,23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel, CNG, LPG and Gasoline | C or I | Light | 125 miles per day | Centralized, at night and during the day | Open | ||||
| 1 | School Bus - Class C (Shorter Urban Routes) | 608 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel, CNG, LPG and Gasoline | C or I | Light | <75 miles per day | Centralized, at night and during the day | Open | ||||
| 3 | School Bus - Class C (Special Needs - ADA) | 87 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel, CNG, LPG and Gasoline |
C or I | Light | 50-150 miles per day | Centralized, at night and during the day | Open | Mission critical operation | |||
| 3 | School Bus - Class C (Long distance - Field Trip, special Events - just a bus) | 87 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel, CNG, LPG and Gasoline | C or I | Light | 125 miles per day | Centralized, at night and during the day | Open | Multiple uses, fixed and flexible routes | |||
| 3 | School Bus - Class Rear Engine (Transit Style) All | 226 | 4-7 | Transit Style Rear Engine, 4x2, 32K-37K GVWR, Automatic, 260-300HP/720-860 Ft-lbs. Diesel | C or I | Light to medium. Higher capacity. | Varied | Centralized, at night and during the day | Open | Occassional use on long routes | Varies by application | ||
| 4 | Refuse, Automatic Side Loader (ASL), Residential Service | 400 | 8 | Class 8 low cabover engine refuse vehicle, 63k GVWR+, 375-425 hp. | I | Start light, end day at max load | Fixed, 75 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Occasional long routes | Hard accel and decel may thermally stress batteries | Lower brake maintenance | 100% PTO duty cycle |
| 4 | Refuse, Front Loader, Commercial or High Density Residential Service | 65 | 8 | Class 8 low cabover engine refuse vehicle, 63k GVWR+, 400-475 hp. | I | Start light, end day at max load | Fixed, 100 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Occasional long routes | Lower brake maintenance | ||
| 4 | Refuse, Rear Packer, Residential Service | 133 | 8 | Class 8 low cabover engine, or conventional refuse vehicle, 63k GVWR+, 400-475 hp. | I | Start light, end day at max load | Fixed, 75 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Occasional long routes | Typically lower accel and decel rates compared to ASL | Lower brake maintenance | 100% PTO Duty cycle |
| 3 | Refuse Hauler (roll on/roll off) | 65 | 8 | Class 8 conventional construction vehicle with typical GVWR from 53 klbs-80klbs., 450-525 hp. | I | 50% laden, 50% unladen, highly variable from lightly loaded to grossed out. | Variable, up to 250 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Somewhat constrained | Limited PTO duty cycle | |||
| 1 | Step Van - Parcel Delivery | 1,985 | 4-7 | Walk-in van, 4x2, 3505-7602mm wheelbase, 14990-30000 lbs GVWR, 200-308 HP, 367-660 ft-lb torque | I | Light | Fixed, 50 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Open | ||||
| 2 | Step Van - Municipal Fleet | 298 | 4-7 | Walk-in van, 4x2, 3505-7602mm wheelbase, 14990-30000 lbs GVWR, 200-308 HP, 367-660 ft-lb torque | I | Can be heavy (like electrician or plumber) | Can be highly variable, local some days potentially to many sites around municipality in same day | Centralized, at night | Open | Untrained driver (driving is not main job) | Can have a need for emergency service (e.g., storms) that force long drives and long hours away from charging | ||
| 2 | H-D Van - Parcel Delivery Class 2B-3) | 951 | 2B-3 | Cutaway van. RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, deal rear wheels | I | Light | 50-300 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Medium route variability | High fleet management | Fast growing segment | |
| 2 | H-D Van - Parcel Delivery (Class 4,5) | 1,985 | 4-7 | Cutaway van. RWD, Class 4-5, 4x2, deal rear wheels | I | Light | 50-300 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Medium route variability | High fleet management | Fast growing segment | |
| 3 | H-D Van - Contractor | 11,854 | 2B-3 | Cargo van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, dual rear wheels | C | Heavy | 50-150 miles per day | Some central dispatch, many go with driver o/n | Constrained | High route variability | Low fleet management | ||
| 2 | H-D Van - Shuttle | 1,116 | 2B-3 | Step van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, dual rear wheels | I | Light | 50-300 miles per day | Centralized, but 24/7 operation | Open | Low route variability | Medium fleet management | ||
| 4 | H-D Van - Refrigerated | 70 | 2B-3 | Box van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, dual rear wheels | I | Heavy | 200-300 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained | Medium route variability | Refrigeration reduces range | ||
| 1 | H-D Van - School Bus | 70 | 2B-3 | Box van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, dual rear wheels | I | Light | 65 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Open | Low route variability | High fleet management | ||
| 4 | H-D Van - Motor Home | 29 | 2B-3 | Cutaway van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, dual rear wheels | I | Heavy | 300-450 miles per day | Dispersed, or infrastructure dependent | Constrained | High route variability | Low fleet management | ||
| 1 | Box Truck - Pickup & Delivery (Fixed Light <100 Miles per Day) | 3,075 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Light | Variable <100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 2 | Box Truck - Pickup & Delivery (Medium to Heavy Load >100 Miles per Day) | 1,538 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable >100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 4 | Box Truck - Pickup & Delivery (Medium to Heavy Load >200 Miles per Day) | 1,538 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable >200 miles per day | Centralized or remote | Open | ||||
| 2 | Box Truck - Leasing (Daily Rental) | 152 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Light | Variable <100 miles per day | Centralized or remote | Open | ||||
| 1 | Box Truck - Leasing (Fixed Customer and Application) | 228 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Light to medium | Variable <100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 2 | Box Truck - Leasing (Fixed Customer and Application) | 228 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable <100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 2 | Box Truck - Leasing (Fixed Customer and Application) | 76 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable >100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 3 | Box Truck - Leasing (Fixed Customer and Application) | 76 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable >200 miles per day | Centralized | Open | GVWR limited | |||
| 3 | Straight Truck Pickup & Delivery (Heavy Load >100 Miles per Day) | 1,069 | 8 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 6x2 >33K GVWR, Automatic, >300 HP />800 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Heavy | Variable >100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 2 | Box Truck - Refrigerated | 390 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Medium to heavy load | Variable <100 miles per day | Centralized | Constrained if equipped with diesel TRU | ||||
| 2 | Flatbed - Stake/Platform | 370 | 4-7 | Conventional or COE, 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Variable | Variable | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 3 | Regional Tractor - Short Haul | 400 | 4-7 | 4x2, 6x4 tractor, 12K/21K-23k axles, day cab, 350-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, <100 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained - short wheelbase | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | ||
| 3 | Regional Tractor - Short Haul | 400 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 12K/40K axles, day cab, 350-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, <100 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained - short wheelbase | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | ||
| 4 | Regional Tractor - Medium Haul | 200 | 4-7 | 4x2, 6x4 tractor, 12K/21-23K axles, day cab, 350-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, 100-300 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained, short wheelbase | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | ||
| 4 | Regional Tractor - Medium Haul | 400 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 12K/40K axles, day cab, 350-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, 100-300 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained, short wheelbase | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | ||
| 5 | Regional Tractor - Long Haul | 100 | 4-7 | 4x2, 6x4 tractor, 12K/21K-23k / 12K/40K axles, day cab or sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Variable | Variable, >200 miles per day | Future retail charging network? | Constrained - short wheelbase, fairings | Long down hill energy dissipation | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | |
| 5 | Regional Tractor - Long Haul | 300 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 12K/40K axles, day cab or sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Heavy | Variable, 200-500+ miles per day | Future retail charging network? | Constrained | Long down hill energy dissipation | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | |
| 4 | Port Drayage | 120 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, day cab, 80K GCWR | C | Heavy | Variable, 100-500 miles per day | Variable / Centralized, depending on owner | Constrained - short wheelbase | Long down hill energy dissipation | 6 to 8 percent grade | Multiple shift operations impact charging times | |
| 4 | Pickup Truck - Agriculture | 500 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3 Regular, Super, Crew Cabs 4x4 130" - 200" WB 200-500 hp 200-1000 ft-lbs torque |
C or I | Variable--dependent on type of agriculture. | Assume set routes, <100 miles per day, may have extended idling. | Centralized | Constrained | Likely extended operation | |||
| 5 | Pickup Truck - Contractor | 5,000 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3 Regular, Super, Crew Cabs 4x4 130" - 200" WB 200-500 hp 200-1000 ft-lbs torque |
C or I | Moderate to heavy | Variable | Variable | Constrained | ||||
| 5 | Pickup Truck - Towing | 3,000 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3 Regular, Super, Crew Cabs 4x4 130" - 200" WB 200-500 hp 200-1000 ft-lbs torque |
C or I | Heavy | Variable--expect several will have long distance (~500 mile) routes. | Variable | Constrained | Towing will significantly shorten available EV range. | Much larger battery required to go 100-500 miles. | ||
| 5 | Pickup Truck - 4WD Off Road | 5,000 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3 Regular, Super, Crew Cabs 4x4 130" - 200" WB 200-500 hp 200-1000 ft-lbs torque |
C or I | Light to moderate | Variable--expect some will have long distance routes. | Variable--off road usage will likely be away from EV grid. | Constrained | Off-highway usage and extended operation will make charging impossible for extended offroad operation. | |||
| 5 | Pickup Truck - PTO Equipped | 1,500 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3 Regular, Super, Crew Cabs 4x4 130" - 200" WB 200-500 hp 200-1000 ft-lbs torque |
C or I | Moderate to heavy | Assume set routes, <100 miles per day, may have extended idling. | Variable | Constrained | PTO operation will be low mileage but high loads that will deplete the battery when in PTO modes. | Much larger battery required to go 100 miles. | ||
| 5 | Line Haul Tractor | 500 | 4-7 | 4x2 tractor, 12K/21K-23k axles, sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Heavy | Variable | Variable | Open | 500+ mile days | Long down hill energy dissipation | 6 to 8 percent grade | Slip-seat operations & team drivers impact charging times |
| 5 | Line Haul Tractor | 3,000 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 12K/40K axles, sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Heavy | Variable | Variable | Open | 500+ mile days | Long down hill energy dissipation | 6 to 8 percent grade | Slip-seat operations & team drivers impact charging times |
| 5 | Logging | 5 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 14.6K-20k/46K-52k axles, day cab, 400-605 hp engine, 80K-100k+ GCWR | C | Heavy | Variable | Variable | Constrained, ground clearance | Long off-road travel | Greater than 6 percent grades | High dirt environment | |
| 5 | Concrete Mixer | 70 | 8 | Class 8 Conventional construction vehicle, 66k GCWR and up, 375-450 hp | I | Typically 50% empty, 5-% grossed out | Highly variable | Centralized, at night | Highly constrained due to body equipment and weight | Drum must rotate at all times when laden to avoid concrete curing | |||
| 5 | Concrete Pumper | 37 | 8 | Class 8 Low Cab Over Engine, from 4 to 10 axles, 500+ hp | I | Due to weight of pumping equipment the vehicle is always heavily loaded | Highly variable | Vehicle may remain at construction site for multiple days | Highly constrained | Engine runs at high torque/hp while pumping | |||
| 4 | Mining Hauler | 15 | 8 | 6x4 or larger, day cab, dump truck, very heavy front and rear axles,20k-23k/46k+ | I | Heavy | Fixed | Centralized | Constrained | Long off-road travel | High dirt environment | ||
| 4 | Mining Service | 15 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, day cab, service body | C | Medium - fixed | Variable | Centralized | Constrained, due to body | Long off-road travel | |||
| 5 | Heavy Equipment Transport | 110 | 8 | 6x4 or larger tractor, 500-605 hp engine, day cab or sleeper cab, heavy front 20k and 46k-52k+ rear axles | C | Heavy | Variable | Variable | Open | Low speed/ high torque plus high load/high speed | Down hill heavy load energy dissipation | Some off road use at job site | |
| 3 | Utility/Lube Service | 76 | 4-7 | Walk-in van, Conventional Truck, 4x2, 3505-7602mm wheelbase, 14990-30000 lbs GVWR, 200-308 HP, 367-660 ft-lb torque | I | Can be heavy (like electrician or plumber) | Can be highly variable, local some days potentially to many sites around municipality in same day | Centralized, at night | Open | Untrained driver (driving is not main job) | Can have a need for emergency service (e.g., storms) | ||
| 5 | Oil Field Rig Mover | 14 | 8 | Class 8 heavy haul tractor, 120k+ GCWR, 500-600 hp | C | Extremely high | Highly variable | May be enroute/onsite multiple days | |||||
| 5 | Oil Field Well Servicing | 110 | 8 | Class 7/8 rigid conventional constructions vehicle, 4x2/6x4 with body, tools, and equipment (lift arm, compressor, etc.) | I | Always loaded at or near GVWR | Highly variable | Mixed locations, could need to charge during peak times | Constrained | Many of these vehicles are for off-road use only. | |||
| 3 | Tow/Wrecker | 250 | 4-7 | Chassis-cab, duel rear wheels, 4x4 or 4x2 configuration, rear body installed by tow/wrecker upfitter | I | Variable | Variable, <100 miles per day | Centralized when not in use | Constrained. Need space for bed/hoist and hydraulic mechanisms between the frame rails where batteries would be installed | Towing when in use | |||
| 3 | Farm Service - Truck | 119 | 2B-3 | Conventional Truck, 4x2, 6x4, 8x4, 8x6, 440-8407mm wheelbase, 2600-8800 lbs GVWR, 200-560 HP, 520-1850 ft-lb torque | I | Heavy (almost like a dump truck) | Fixed, but can be long distance from farm to city | Centralized but in rural area at night | Open | Untrained driver (driving is not main job) | May be restricted on weight due to heavy produce and need to operate in ag fields | ||
| 4 | Farm Service - Tractor | 90 | 8 | Conventional Day Cab Tractor, 6x4, 4575-6223 mm wheelbase, 26000-87240 lbs GVWR, 190-600 HP, 495-1850 ft-lb torque | C | Heavy (almost like a dump truck) | Fixed, but can be long distance from farm to city | Centralized but in rural area at night | Constrained (short wheelbase) | Untrained driver (driving is not main job) | May be restricted on weight due to heavy produce and need to operate in ag fields | ||
| 3 | Tanker Truck - Liquids or Gases | 44 | 8 | Conventional Truck, 4x2, 6x4, 3900-9000 mm wheelbase, 19000-60000 lbs GVWR, 200-505 HP, 520-1850 ft-lb torque | I | Start at max load, may diminish throughout day | Fixed, but can be long distance from depot to destination | Centralized, at night | Constrained due to effort to maximize payload | May operate as haz mat, which may restrict max voltage (unknown) | |||
| 4 | Car Carrier - Class 8 | 123 | 8 | 6x4, 80K GVWR, Automatic, 400-450 HP/1400-1700 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | High | Variable | Variable | Constrained | ||||
| 3 | Car Carrier - Class 6/7 (Roll Back) | 150 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 23K-37K GVWR, Automatic, 260-300HP/720-860 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | Variable | Variable, local | Centralized | Constrained | Variable origin and destination pairs | |||
| 4 | Utility Service - Private (Class 8) | 87 | 8 | Conventional 6x2, 6x4,6x6, 20K-50K GVWR, 200-450HP/520-1800 ft-lbs. Diesel | I | ||||||||
| 4 | Utility Service - Private (Class 6-7) | 143 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 23K-37K GVWR, Automatic, 260-300HP/720-860 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | High | Variable | Variable + remote | Constrained | Extended remote operation | Mission critical | Extended operation off road | |
| 4 | Utility Service - Private Trouble Truck (Class 4-5) | 277 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 4x4, 14K-19.5K GVWR, Automatic, 280-400 Hp/400-750 Ft-lbs. Gasoline or Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable | Variable + remote | Constrained | Extended remote operation | Mission critical | ||
| 4 | Utility Service - Public (Class 8) | 87 | 8 | Conventional 6x2, 6x4,6x6, 20K-50K GVWR, 200-450HP/520-1800 ft-lbs. Diesel | I | ||||||||
| 4 | Utility Service - Public (Class 6-7) | 143 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 4x4, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel | I | High | Variable | Variable | Constrained | Extended remote operation | Mission critical | Extended operation off road | |
| 4 | Utility Service - Public (Class 4-5) | 277 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 4x4, 14K-19.5K GVWR, Automatic, 280-400 Hp/400-750 Ft-lbs. Gasoline or Diesel | I | Medium to heavy | Variable | Variable | Constrained | Extended remote operation | Mission critical | ||
| 4 | Recreational Vehicle | 2,500 | 4-7 | Either stripped chassis (Class A) or cutaway (Class C), RWD, 4x2, dual rear wheels, custom body | I | Variable | Expected long distance routes | Non-centralized | Open | Likely towing | |||
| 1 | Airport Service | 1,167 | 2B-3 | Class 3/4 Cutaway cab, RWD, 4x2, duel rear wheels, custom shuttle body 300-400 hp 400 - 1000 ft-lbs torque 150" - 250" WB |
I | Light | Set routes, <100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | Close proximity to charging infrastructure | |||
| 3 | Rail Service | 100 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3. Either complete or incomplete pickup truck, 4x2 or 4x4, single rear wheel configuration, rail wheel conversion kit installed. If incomplete pickup, will have rear upfitter body installed. 300 - 400 hp 400 - 1000 ft-lbs torque 130" - 200" WB |
I | Light | Expected long distance routes | Centralized | Constrained. Need physical space to mount rail wheels, lift mechanism, and upfitter body. | Safety critical for positive propulsion. Risk of train collision with stranded vehicle and no easy way to remove from track. | May need to two equipment and/or remove rail cars in yards | ||
| 1 | Shuttle Bus | 331 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 23K-33K GVWR, Automatic, 200-260 HP / 520-660 Ft-lbs. Diesel, CNG, LPG and Gasoline | I | Variable, light | Fixed <100 miles per day | Centralized | Open | ||||
| 4 | Armored Car | 100 | 4-7 | Class 4-6. Either stripped chassis or cutaway, RWD, 4x2, dual rear wheels, armor reinforcements added, complete or rear upfitter body installed 300-400 hp 400 - 1000 ft-lbs torque 150" - 250" WB |
I | Variable (depends on drop-off or pick-up work) | Variable, <100 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Constrained. Armor plating and security defenses would take up underbody battery storage opportunities | Mission critical | |||
| 4 | Mobile Laboratory | 81 | 4-7 | Class 4-6. Either stripped chassis or cutaway, RWD, 4x2, dual rear wheels, complete or rear upfitter body installed 300-400 hp 400 - 1000 ft-lbs torque 150" - 250" WB |
I | Variable (depends on use requirements) | Variable, <100 miles per day | No central charging available when in use | Open | Occasional use on long routes and dependent on deployment needs | Likely extended operation | ||
| 4 | Digger Derrick | 52 | 4-7 | Conventional 4x2, 4x4, 6x2, 6x4, 20K-50K GVWR, 200-450HP/520-1800 ft-lbs. Diesel | I | High | Variable | Variable | Constrained | Extended remote operation | Mission critical | Extended operation off road | |
| 4 | Construction Dump | 342 | 8 | Class 8 conventional vocational vehicle, 66k GVWR +, 450-500 hp. | I | 50% laden (typically to GVWR), 50% unladen | Highly variable, but typically 150-250 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Somewhat constrained | High vibration environment due to high percentage of off-road use. | |||
| 3 | Municipal Dump | 44 | 4-7 | Class 7 conventional vocational 4x2 | I | 50% laden, 50% unladen, mixed light to heavy | Variable, 50 miles per day | Centralized, at night | Somewhat constrained | ||||
| 2 | Yard Tractor - Purpose Built (Warehouse/Rail) | 84 | 8 | i. Cab configuration: Single person cab offset to engine side ii. Axle configuration: Mostly 4x2, some 6x4 iii. Wheelbase range: 116" (most common), 118", 126", 128", 146", 152" iv. GVWR range: 65k - 140k lbs v. Torque range: 520-770 lb-ft vi. HP range: 146-250 hp Engine: Both on-road and off-road engine options available |
C or I | Heavy (65K - 85K lbs). Light-duty cycle. Load on/load off | <100 miles per day, <1 route (Predictable), 8-10 hours per day | Centralized, at night and during the day | Constrained, for shorter wheelbase | Frequent stops and starts | Lack of suspension resulting in harsh vibration -> durability/life impacts | Accessory loads: high heating and cooling requirements, hydraulics to raise and lower 5th wheel | Battery life tradeoff with opportunity charge |
| 2 | Yard Tractor - Purpose Built (Port) | 21 | 8 | i. Cab configuration: Single person cab offset to engine side ii. Axle configuration: Mostly 4x2, some 6x4 iii. Wheelbase range: 116" (most common), 118", 126", 128", 146", 152" iv. GVWR range: 65k - 140k lbs v. Torque range: 520-770 lb-ft vi. HP range: 146-250 hp Engine: Both on-road and off-road engine options available |
C or I | Heavy (120K 0 140K lbs.). Load on/Load off | <200 miles per day, 1-2 mile routes (predictable), >10 hours per day | Opportunity charging but port dependent. May need to remove from fleet for charging | Constrained for shorter wheelbase. Constrained for port applications due to hours of operation | Frequent stops and starts | Lack of suspension resulting in harsh vibration -> durability/life impacts | Accessory loads: high heating and cooling requirements, hydraulics to raise and lower 5th wheel | Battery life tradeoff with opportunity charge |
| 5 | Mobile Command Center | 27 | 4-7 | Conventional Truck, 4x2,6x4, 3600-9000 mm wheelbase, 19000-60000 lbs GVWR, 200-505 HP, 520-1850 ft-lb torque | I | Moderate heavy fixed load | Mostly short, unpredictable (mission dependent) | Generally centralized, may need to be charged while on mission; there may not be enough time for recharge between missions | Somewhat constrained | Mission Critical | Unpredictable duration/energy consumers at emergency site | ||
| 4 | H-D Van - Emergency | 223 | 2B-3 | Cutaway van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2, dual rear wheels | I | Heavy | 50-150 miles per day | Dispersed, or infrastructure dependent | Constrained | High route variability | High fleet management | Mission critical | |
| 4 | Ambulance | 128 | 4-7 | Cutaway van, 4x2 | I | Light | Mostly short, unpredictable (mission dependent) | Centralized, opportunity charging when possible; need to be fully charged and ready with no notice (e.g., conventional vehicles have quick disconnect air hoses to keep air brake tanks full, and similar would be required for electrical); there may not be enough time for recharge between missions | Constrained (due to equipment installation) | Mission critical | |||
| 5 | Fire Truck | 159 | 8 | Conventional Truck, 4x2, 6x4, 390-8075 mm wheelbase, 26000-74000 lbs GVWR, 270-550 HP, 660-1650 ft-lb torque | I | Start at high/max load, may diminish slightly throughout day | Mostly short, unpredictable (mission dependent). May be fueled by wet hose when operating continuously at a fire site. | Centralized, opportunity charging when possible; need to be fully charged and ready with no notice (e.g., conventional vehicles have quick disconnect air hoses to keep air brake tanks full, and similar would be required for electrical); there may not be enough time for recharge between missions | Constrained (due to equipment installation) | Mission critical | Unpredictable duration/energy consumers at emergency site | ||
| 5 | Snow Plow | 92 | 8 | Conventional Truck, 4x2, 6x4, 4400-6500 mm wheelbase, 54000-68000 lbs GVWR, 300-470 HP, 860-1650 ft-lb torque | I | Start at max load, diminish throughout day | varied, unpredictable (weather dependent) | Centralized, opportunity charging when possible; there may not be enough time for recharge between missions | Constrained (due to equipment installation) | Mission critical | |||
| 2 | Crane | 100 | 4-7 | Class 6-7, Conventional, 4x2, 212-271 wheelbase, MHD/HHD engine 230-260 hp/520-660 ft-lbs, AllisonAT with PTO | I | Light | Average <70 miles per day | Centralized | Limited | ||||
| 2 | Dump | 200 | 4-7 | Class 4-7, Conventional, Low Cab Forward, 4x2, 138-271 wheelbase, LHD/MHD/HHD engine, 210-260 hp/440-660 ft-lbs, AllisonAT with PTO | I | Variable (depends on use requirements) | Average <70 miles per day | Centralized | Limited | ||||
| 3 | Refuse/Recycling | 200 | 4-7 | Class 5-7, Conventional, Low Cab Forward, 4x2, 149-271 wheelbase, LHD/MHD/HHD engine 210-260 hp/440-660 ft-lbs, AllisonAT with PTO | I | Start light, end day at max load | Average <70 miles per day | Centralized | Limited | ||||
| 3 | Shredder | 100 | 4-7 | Class 5-7, Conventional, Low Cab Forward, 4x2, 149-271 wheelbase, LHD/MHD/HHD engine, 210-260 hp/440-660 ft-lbs, Allison AT with PTO, Incomplete | I | Start light, end day at max load | Average <70 miles per day | Centralized | Limited | ||||
| 5 | Pickup Truck - Personal Use | 38,000 | 2B-3 | Class 2b-3 Regular, Super, Crew Cabs 4x4 130" - 200" WB 200-500 hp 200-1000 ft-lbs torque |
C | Moderate | Variable | Centralized charging at residence/business | Constrained | Towing will significantly shorten available EV range. | Limited cargo carrying capacity to offset battery pack weights. Most people upgrade to the class 2b-3 pickup over a class 2a pickup for either load carrying or towing needs. | ||
| 3 | H-D Van - Passenger | 6,198 | 2B-3 | Passenger van, RWD, Class 2b-3, 4x2 | C | Light | Variable | Centralized charging at residence/business | Constrained | ||||
| Fuel-Cell Electric Suitability Factors | ||||||||||||||
| Suitability | Assigned | Market Segment | CA Sales | Class | Vehicle Specifications | Complete/ Incomplete | Loading | Routes | Refueling | Fuel Tanks | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous |
| 4 | P | Line Haul Tractor | 500 | 4-7 | 4x2, 12K/21K-23k axles, day cab or sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, >200 miles per day | Retail | Constrained | 300 total miles with 60 kg hydrogen (~5 mpge) | 6 to 8 percent grade | System cost today for FC and batteries is >$400K. Future could be $150K-$200K when using pass car FCs. | $10-$15 per kg hydrogen today. Long term could be $4-$5. |
| 5 | P | Line Haul Tractor | 3000 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 12K/40K axles, day cab or sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Heavy | Variable, >200 miles per day | Retail | Constrained | 300 total miles with 60 kg hydrogen (~5 mpge) | 6 to 8 percent grade | System cost today for FC and batteries is >$400K. Future could be $150K-$200K when using pass car FCs. | $10-$15 per kg hydrogen today. Long term could be $4-$5. |
| 4 | P | Regional Tractor - Long Haul | 100 | 4-7 | 4x2, 12K/21K-23k axles, day cab or sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, >200 miles per day | Retail | Constrained | 301 total miles with 60 kg hydrogen (~5 mpge) | 6 to 8 percent grade | System cost today for FC and batteries is >$400K. Future could be $150K-$200K when using pass car FCs. | $10-$15 per kg hydrogen today. Long term could be $4-$5. |
| 4 | P | Regional Tractor - Long Haul | 300 | 8 | 6x4 tractor, 12K/40K axles, day cab or sleeper cab, 400-500 hp engine | C | Variable, up to 80K GCW | Variable, >200 miles per day | Retail | Constrained | 301 total miles with 60 kg hydrogen (~5 mpge) | 6 to 8 percent grade | System cost today for FC and batteries is >$400K. Future could be $150K-$200K when using pass car FCs. | $10-$15 per kg hydrogen today. Long term could be $4-$5. |
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