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Food Research 6 (2) : 53 - 63 (April 2022)
Journal homepage: https://www.myfoodresearch.com
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Physical characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients composition of pigeon pea
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(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) grown in Indonesia P
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1,2 1 1 1,*
A’yuni, N.R.L., Marsono, Y., Marseno, D.W. and Triwitono, P. E
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1
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah
Mada University, Jalan Flora No.1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2Agricultural Development Polytechnic of Yogyakarta-Magelang, Jalan Kusumanegara No.2, Umbulharjo,
Yogyakarta 55167, Indonesia
Article history: Abstract
Received: 12 March 2021
Received in revised form: 25
April 2021 Pigeon pea is an underutilized legume in Indonesia. Information about the physical
Accepted: 10 July 2021 characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients composition of pigeon pea is needed to develop
Available Online: 9 March pigeon pea-based food products. This research aimed to evaluate the physical
2022
characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients composition of pigeon pea grown in different
Keywords: regions of Indonesia, i.e., Bali, Yogyakarta, and Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). The results
Pigeon pea, showed that the physical characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients composition differed
Physical characteristics, significantly. The weight of pigeon pea seeds ranged from 7.49-13.29 g/100 seeds,
Nutrients, hydration capacity was 0.07-0.15 g/seed, hydration index was 0.90-1.14, swelling capacity
Antinutrients varied from 0.06-0.15 mL/seed, and the swelling index was 1.06-1.54. Pigeon pea was a
potential source of protein (23.96-24.20%) and starch (40.55-42.80%). The highest protein
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(2).172
content was found in pigeon pea from Yogyakarta, whereas the highest starch content was
found in pigeon pea from NTB. The contents of vitamin C, E, A varied from 25.13-28.21
mg/100 g, 67.44-100.51 mg/100 g, and 1,248.83-2,303.86 µg/100 g, respectively.
Potassium was the most abundant mineral in pigeon pea (479.66-1.455.51 mg/100 g).
Pigeon pea from Yogyakarta had the highest phytic acid content, HCN, tannins at 841.24
ppm, 46.60 ppm, and 378.45 mg/100 g, respectively.
1. Introduction especially in developing countries. The developed
countries face an increasing demand for protein food
Leguminosae is the family of a flowering plant
sources because of the growing population, inadequate
comprising 650 to 750 genera and 18,000 to 19,000
fertile soil, cereal diet, and high food prices (Sharma et
species. This family is widely known as legumes, which al., 2011; Narina et al., 2014; Moussou et al., 2019).
are classified into four subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae,
Mimosoideae, Papilionoideae, and Swartzioideade Various countries have used legumes as their
(Ahmed and Hasan, 2014). Legumes contain 20-40% primary food sources, such as pigeon pea, chickpea, and
protein, 50-60% carbohydrate with starch as the main lentils in South Asia, kidney beans in Latin America,
component, 2-3% fat, 0.7-6.2% dietary fibre, vitamins, chickpea, lentils, faba beans in North Africa, and the
and minerals (Wani et al., 2016). Legumes also have a Middle East (Ahmed and Hasan, 2014). In Indonesia,
low glycemic index value and bioactive compounds with legumes utilization is still limited to soybean, red kidney
antioxidant properties, so legumes can be a source of bean, and mung bean. On the other hand, Indonesia has
functional food (Tayade et al., 2019). Narina et al. various legumes that Indonesian people have not utilized
(2014) and Souza et al. (2015) reported that legumes optimally, one of which is pigeon pea. Pigeon pea
could affect health positively, such as a supplement for (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), including the Fabaceae
diabetes mellitus patients, preventing cardiovascular risk, family. Pigeon pea is an annual crop with more drought
obesity, and bone disorder. Legumes are typically used and high-temperature tolerance than other crops,
as a cereal substitute to increase their finished product’s allowing it to be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.
nutrient composition and functional impact (Olagunju et The plant height is about 1-4 meters and has 2 meters of
al., 2018). Therefore, legumes can be an alternative to deep taproot (Akande et al., 2010; Al-Saeedi and
meet nutritional needs and fight several diseases, Hossain, 2015). Pigeon pea pods are flat, dark purple, or
*Corresponding author. eISSN: 2550-2166 / © 2022 The Authors.
Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources
Email: triwitono@ugm.ac.id
54 A’yuni et al. / Food Research 6 (2) (2022) 53 - 63
green, with 2-9 seeds/pods sometimes hairy or streaked. Timur Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Pigeon pea seeds
Seed weight is 4-25 g/100 seeds and varied in colour were harvested in April-May 2019 (Yogyakarta and
(Sharma et al., 2011). Pigeon pea in certain countries NTB) and June 2019 (Bali). For analysis of the nutrients
ER known by various names, such as guand (Portuguese), and antinutrients contents, the pigeon pea seeds were
P
tur and arhar (Hindi), gandul (Spanish), ervilba de Congo ground using a blender (Philips) to become a powder
A
(Angola), poid d’Angole and poid de Congo (French), until passing through a sieve no. 40. The pigeon pea
P
red gram, and congo bean (English) (Upadhyaya et al., powders were packed in aluminium foil packaging with
LL 2013). In Indonesia, pigeon pea is grown in several silica gel and then placed in a container at ambient
U temperature until it was analysed.
areas, including Bali, Yogyakarta, and Nusa Tenggara
F
Barat. Usually, pigeon pea is consumed as a vegetable, 2.2 Seed weight, volume, density, and dimensions
and there are still a few pigeon pea-based food products.
Therefore, to increase the diversification of pigeon pea-
Seed weight, volume, and density were determined
based food products, it is necessary to research the
based on Williams et al. (1983). Pigeon pea seeds (100
physical characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients
composition of pigeon pea grown in Indonesia. seeds) were weighed on analytical scales. After that,
seeds were moved to a 50 mL measuring cylinder
containing 25 mL of distilled water. The difference in
Information about legume's physical characteristics
distilled water volume after and before the seeds was put
is useful for processing, storing, and designing
into the measuring cylinder is the volume of seeds. Seed
processing machinery (Khanbarad et al., 2014). The seed
density was determined by dividing seed weight by its
weight and hydration capacity of legumes are linked to
volume (g/mL). The seed dimensions (length, width, and
the cooking process (Yadav et al., 2018). Legumes with
thickness) were determined using a calliper with a count
a higher hydration capacity require less cooking time, of at least 0.02 mm.
affecting consumer preference for the seeds (Moussou et
al., 2019). The shape and size of legume seeds are 2.3 Hydration capacity and hydration index
significant in designing the machines for sizing and
grading (Firatligil-Durmuş et al., 2010). Information Determination of hydration capacity and hydration
about nutrients composition is crucial for the dietary index based on Williams et al. (1983). The seeds of
quality assessment, offering a valuable tool for the sector pigeon pea (100 seeds) were weighed and placed into a
of public health nutrition, development, and beaker glass together with distilled water (100 mL). The
implementation of food-based dietary standards beaker glass was enclosed with aluminium foil then left
(Elmadfa and Meyer, 2010). for 24 hrs at ambient temperature. The next day, the
seeds were drained, redundant water was separated with
Some researchers evaluated the nutrients
filter paper, and the swollen seeds were weighed again.
composition of pigeon pea from Botswana (Amarteifio et
Hydration capacity and hydration index were calculated
al., 2002) and Nigeria (Oshodi et al., 1993; Apata and as follows:
Ologhobo, 1994; Akande et al., 2010). Some researchers
Hydration capacity per seed = (weight of seed after -
also reported the physical characteristics of pigeon pea
before soaking)/100
from India (Khanbarad et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2017),
Botswana (Baryeh and Mangope, 2003), but there is no
Hydration index = hydration capacity per seed/average
information yet about hydration capacity, swelling weight of seed
capacity, hydration index, and swelling index of pigeon 2.4 Swelling capacity and swelling index
pea seeds. There has been no research on the physical
characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients composition
Determination of swelling capacity and swelling
of pigeon pea from several regions in Indonesia to the index refers to Williams et al. (1983). After re-weighing
author’s knowledge. This research aimed to evaluate the
the swollen seeds, they were put in a 100 mL measuring
physical characteristics, nutrients, and antinutrients
cylinder containing 50 mL of distilled water. Their
composition of pigeon pea grown in various regions of
volume was measured again to determine swelling
Indonesia, i.e., Bali, Yogyakarta, and Nusa Tenggara
Barat. capacity and swelling index, accordingly to this
equation:
2. Materials and methods Swelling capacity per seed = (volume of seed after -
2.1 Materials before soaking)/100
Swelling index = swelling capacity per seed/average
Pigeon pea seeds were obtained from local farmers volume of seed
in Buleleng Bali, Gunungkidul Yogyakarta, and Lombok
eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources
A’yuni et al. / Food Research 6 (2) (2022) 53 - 63 55
2.5 Seed colour the wet digestion method. The sample was digested
using concentrated HNO (1:3) then heated until the
3
The values of a* (+a* redness, -a* greenness), b* F
solution becomes clear and a dense white fume appeared.
(+b* yellowness, -b* blueness), and L (lightness) were U
determined using chromameter CR-400 (Konica Minolta, The sample was cooled, diluted with 50 mL of distilled L
L
water then filtered using Whatman filter paper. The
Japan). P
filtrates were collected in a 100 mL volumetric flask, and
A
the volume was adjusted with distilled water. The
2.6 Proximate composition, starch content, and gross P
energy resulting solution was then measured for its absorbance E
using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin- R
Proximate analysis (moisture, ash, fat, protein) was Elmer 3110). The content of phosphorus was measured
conducted using the AOAC method (1995). The using a molybdovanadate method (AOAC, 1995). The
moisture content was measured by drying the sample in digested sample (1 mL) was placed into a volumetric
an oven (105°C) until the sample weight was constant. flask (10 mL), then 3 mL of vanadate-molybdate
The crude fat content was measured by extracting the solution was added, followed by distilled water up to the
sample with petroleum ether in an extractor of Soxhlet. mark. The solution was vortexed and then read its
The crude protein content was measured using the absorbance at 410 nm. For determination of iron content,
Kjeldahl method; then, the crude protein content was 1 mL of digested sample was put in a 10 mL volumetric
calculated by multiplying nitrogen content by 6.25. The flask, followed by 2 mL of 1.5 M ammonium
ash content was measured using the gravimetric method thiocyanate and distilled water up to the mark. Its
by comparing the sample weight before and after ashing absorbance was determined at 510 nm, and the iron
in the furnace. Carbohydrate by difference was content was determined from the Fe standard curve
calculated by 100 - (moisture% + fat% + ash% + (Woods and Mellon, 1941).
protein%). The direct acid hydrolysis method was used 2.9 Vitamin A content
to determine starch content, followed by the
determination of glucose using a conversion factor of 0.9
Vitamin A content was determined as β carotene
(AOAC, 1995). The gross energy was measured using a
using the spectrophotometry method (AOAC, 1995).
bomb calorimeter (Gallenkamp auto bomb calorimeter),
Sample (5 g) was extracted using petroleum ether and
and benzoic acid was used as a calibration standard
(Moussou et al., 2019). acetone (1:1). The extract was separated from the solvent
using a separating funnel by adding distilled water. The
2.7 Crude fibre content top layer, which is the carotene fraction, was added with
Na SO anhydrate to absorb the remaining distilled
2 4
Crude fibre analysis was performed using the AOAC water, added petroleum ether up to a volume of 25 mL,
method (1995). A gram (1 g) of the fat-free sample was
then the absorbance was determined at 450 nm and used
added to 200 mL of 1.25% H SO . The suspension was β carotene as a standard.
2 4
heated at 100°C for 30 mins while being stirred. The 2.10 Vitamin C content
suspension was filtered with filter paper then washed
using hot distilled water until neutral. The residue was
Vitamin C content was determined using the iodine
transferred quantitatively into the Erlenmeyer, and then
titration method (Jacobs, 1962). The sample was placed
the rest was washed with 200 mL of 1.25% NaOH until
into a 100 mL volumetric flask, and distilled water was
all residues entered the Erlenmeyer. The residue was
added up to the mark, then the filtrate was filtered to
heated in a water bath for 30 minutes at 100°C while
separate it. The filtrate (5 mL) was placed into
being stirred, then filtered using filter paper with a
Erlenmeyer, added 2 mL of 1 % amylum and 20 mL of
constant weight (a). The residue was washed using 15
distilled water, then titrated with 0.01 N iodine standard.
mL of 96% ethanol then washed with hot distilled water
Calculation of vitamin C content was determined by
up to neutral. The residue in the filter paper was dried at
standardizing iodine solution, in which the equivalent of
100 °C until it reached a constant weight (b). Crude fibre 1 mL of 0.01 N iodine is 0.88 mg of ascorbic acid.
content was calculated as follow:
2.11 Vitamin E content
2.8 Minerals content Vitamin E content was determined as the total
tocopherol (AOAC, 1988). The sample (1 g) was
dissolved using N-hexane. An aliquot (1 mL) of sample
Determination of minerals content (Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu,
solution was taken, then added 3.5 mL of 0.07% 2.2
K, and Na) was adopted from the AOAC method (1995).
bipyridine solution and 0.5 mL of 0.02% FeCl . The
3
Sample preparation for minerals content analysis used
solution was diluted to 10 mL using 96% ethanol, and
eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources
56 A’yuni et al. / Food Research 6 (2) (2022) 53 - 63
then the absorbance was determined at 520 nm and used given as ppm.
tocopherol as a standard. 2.15 Statistical analysis
2.12 Phytic acid content
ER Data analysis used a one-way Analysis of Variance
P
The content of phytic acid was determined based on (ANOVA) with a significant level of 5%. If a significant
A
Wheeler and Ferrel method (1971). The sample (2 g) was difference were identified, the Duncan Multiple Range
P
extracted with 50 mL of 3% TCA for 30 mins, then (DMRT) test would then proceed. SPSS software version
LL centrifuged. The supernatant was separated, then 10 mL 23 for statistical analysis.
U
was taken and put into a centrifuge tube and added with
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4 mL of FeCl solution, then boiled in a water bath for
3 3. Results and discussion
45 mins. The aliquot was centrifuged, and the 3.1 Physical characteristics
supernatant was separated. The precipitate was washed
twice using 20-25 mL of 3% TCA, boiled in a water bath The physical characteristics of pigeon pea seeds are
for 10-15 mins, centrifuged again, and the supernatant presented in Table 1. The Indonesian pigeon pea
dimensions were almost the same as pigeon pea from
was separated. The precipitate was washed once with
distilled water, centrifuged for 10-15 mins, and the India and Botswana. Pigeon pea from India had length
5.37-6.24 mm, width 4.97-5.67 mm, and thickness 4.06-
supernatant was separated. The precipitate was dispersed
4.60 mm (Khanbarad et al., 2014), while pigeon pea
with distilled water and 3 mL of 1.5 N NaOH. The from Botswana had length 5.074-6.502 mm and
precipitate was diluted to 30 mL and boiled in a water
thickness 3.365-5.091 mm (Baryeh and Mangope, 2003).
bath for 30 mins, then filtered. The precipitate was
The dimensions of pigeon pea from Indonesia ranged
dissolved in hot HNO then diluted to 100 mL. An
3 from 5.07-5.99 mm (length), 4.83-5.58 mm (width), and
aliquot (5 mL) was put into the 100 mL volumetric flask,
4.07-5.05 mm (thickness). The weight and volume of
followed by 60 mL of distilled water, 20 mL of 1.5 M
100 seeds ranged from 7.49-13.29 g and 6.00-9.83 mL,
KSCN, and diluted to the mark. The solution was read
respectively. Based on this result, pigeon pea seeds from
for absorbance at 480 nm. The phytic acid can be
Bali had the largest dimensions, weight, and volume,
determined based on Fe's calculation from the standard
curve with the molecular ratio of Fe:P = 4:6. while the pigeon pea from Yogyakarta was the opposite.
2.13 Tannins content This difference due to the volume depends on the seed
dimensions consisting of length, width, and thickness, so
that the bigger the dimensions, the larger the volume
Tannins content was determined by Folin Denis (Khanbarad et al., 2014). The density ranged from 1.25-
colourimetric method (Harborne, 1973). Sample (5 g)
1.35 g/mL, with pigeon pea from Bali, having the highest
was put into a 100 mL volumetric flask, then distilled
density and pigeon pea from Yogyakarta having the
water was added to the mark. The mixture was shaken
lowest. The pigeon pea density was greater than water,
until homogenous, then was filtered to obtain the extract.
which shows that pigeon pea seeds will not float on the
Put 1 mL of extract, 0.5 mL of Folin Denis reagent, 1 water during cleaning (Ghadge and Prasad, 2012).
mL of saturated NaCO , and distilled water until the
3
volume reached 10 mL. The mixture was vortexed, then
Pigeon pea seed colour was not significantly
its absorbance was determined at 730 nm, and pure different for a* (0.76-0.95) and b* (1.52-2.15) values.
tannic acid was used as a standard. The tannins content Based on the L value (30.70-31.64), pigeon pea seed
was determined using the linear regression equation,
expressed in mg/100 g from the standard curve. colour tends to be dark. The colour difference can
indicate the number of antinutrient compounds in pigeon
2.14 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) content pea seeds. Antinutrient compounds primarily present in
the dark seed genotypes commonly grow in Asia,
different from the African pigeon pea has a cream or
The HCN content was determined using the alkaline
white colour, with fewer antinutrient compounds
picrate method (Williams and Edwards, 1980). Sample
(Odeny, 2007). In this research, pigeon pea from Bali
(5 g) was added with distilled water (50 mL). The
had the lowest antinutrient content, and the colour of
mixture was shaken and filtered to obtain the extract.
pigeon pea seeds from Bali tends to be lighter than other
The extract (1 mL) was added with 4 mL of alkaline
pigeon pea seeds.
picrate solution; then, this was incubated in a water bath
until it formed reddish-brown colour. The solution was
Pigeon pea seeds had the hydration index, swelling
determined for its absorbance at 480 nm and used
index, hydration capacity, and swelling capacity ranged
potassium cyanide (KCN) as a standard. The HCN from 0.90-1.14, 1.06-1.54, 0.07-0.15 g/seed, and 0.06-
content was quantified based on the linear regression
0.15 mL/seed, respectively. Pigeon pea seeds from Bali
equation from the standard curve, and the result was
eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources
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