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The Gender Factor in Political Economy of Energy Sector Dynamics 23 January 2019 This publication has been realized within the scope of ENERGIA’s Gender and Energy Research Programme, funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy is hosted by Hivos, an international organisation that seeks new solutions to persistent issues. The views and opinions expressed in the publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect ENERGIA’s, Hivos’ or UK government’s views and/or official policies. Citation: MSSRF and CRT Nepal (2019). The Gender Factor in Political Economy of Energy Sector Dynamics. Research report RA3, ENERGIA Cover Photo 1: Woman in the driving seat of the electric three wheeler in Kailali, Nepal. Photo: CRT Cover Photo 2: Rural woman working on measuring fat content of milk in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. Photo: MSSRF The Gender Factor in Political Economy of Energy Sector Dynamics M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India Centre for Rural Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal ENERGIA INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON GENDER & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 3 Contents Contributing organisations and authors 8 Executive summary 9 Acknowledgements 21 Abbreviations 22 Glossary 23 List of Figures and Tables 29 Background 30 1.1. Introduction 30 1.2. Research Objectives and Questions 31 1.3. Intersection of Gender and Energy 31 1.4. Bringing Gender into Political Economy Analysis 34 1.5. Research Methods and Field Sites 35 Selection of Research Sites 35 Social Context of the Research Sites 36 Selection of Villages 37 Review and Analysis of Policy Documents 39 Dynamic Factors and Complexity of Change 40 1.6. Diffusion of Research Findings and Involvement of Stakeholders 42 Potential Application to Other Rural Regions: 42 Tracking the Praxis of Policy Change 43 1.7. Theory of Change 43 The value of rural women’s labour in production and transformation in cooking energy 45 2.1. The Problem: High and Persistent Use of Woodfuel 45 2.2. Why a New Framework is Needed: The Limits of Household Income as an Explanatory Variable 48 2.3. The Role of Women’s Unvalued Labour 49 2.4. Fuel Stacking in India 51 2.5. Fuel Switching in India 52 2.6. Fuel Switching in Nepal 55 2.7. Opportunity Cost of Women’s Labour 56 ENERGIA INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON GENDER & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 4
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