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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Table of contents 
                                                                    Framework for the Assessment of Creative Thinking in PISA 2021: Third Draft ......................... 5 
                                                                               The case for assessing creative thinking .............................................................................................. 5 
                                                                                         Why assess creative thinking? .......................................................................................................... 5 
                                                                                         What is the role of education in creative thinking? .......................................................................... 6 
                                                                               Evidence-centred design as a general framework for the PISA 2021 assessment ............................... 7 
                                                                               Defining the assessment domain .......................................................................................................... 8 
                                                                                         What is creative thinking? ................................................................................................................ 8 
                                                                                         Domain generality versus domain specificity .................................................................................. 9 
                                                                                         Domains of creative engagement ..................................................................................................... 9 
                                                                                         Confluence approaches of creativity .............................................................................................. 10 
                                                                               Understanding and assessing creative thinking in the classroom ...................................................... 10 
                                                                                         Individual enablers of creative thinking ......................................................................................... 12 
                                                                                         Social enablers of creative thinking ............................................................................................... 15 
                                                                                         Creative engagement ...................................................................................................................... 17 
                                                                               Implications for the design of the PISA 2021 creative thinking assessment ..................................... 18 
                                                                                         Focus and objectives of the PISA 2021 assessment of creative thinking ....................................... 18 
                                                                                         Domains of creative thinking included in PISA 2021 .................................................................... 18 
                                                                                         Competency model of creative thinking ........................................................................................ 22 
                                                                               Distribution of tasks, response format and scoring methods in the cognitive test ............................. 26 
                                                                                         Distribution of tasks ....................................................................................................................... 26 
                                                                                         Response types ............................................................................................................................... 27 
                                                                                         Scoring of the tasks ........................................................................................................................ 28 
                                                                               Example units and scoring methods in the cognitive test .................................................................. 31 
                                                                                         Unit model in written expression ................................................................................................... 31 
                                                                                         Unit model in visual expression ..................................................................................................... 33 
                                                                                         Unit model in social problem solving ............................................................................................ 35 
                                                                                         Unit model in scientific problem solving ....................................................................................... 37 
                                                                               Design considerations and opportunities for additional indicators based on process data. ............... 39 
                                                                                         Accounting for domain and task-specific knowledge .................................................................... 39 
                                                                                         Accounting for engagement with the task (task motivation) .......................................................... 40 
                                                                                         Design features to encourage students’ exploratory skills and trial and error................................ 40 
                                                                               Test development and validation of the cognitive test ....................................................................... 41 
                                                                                         Ensuring appropriate coverage of the construct and cross-cultural validity .................................. 41 
                                                                                         Validation and cross-cultural comparability of the assessment material ....................................... 42 
                                                                               Scaling and reporting proficiency in the cognitive test ...................................................................... 43 
                                                                               Defining content for the PISA background questionnaires ............................................................... 45 
                                                                                         Curiosity and exploration ............................................................................................................... 45 
                                                                                         Creative self-efficacy ..................................................................................................................... 45 
                                                                                         Beliefs about creativity ................................................................................................................... 45 
                                                                                         Creative activities in the classroom and school .............................................................................. 46 
                                                                                         Social environment ......................................................................................................................... 46 
                                                                    References ............................................................................................................................................ 47 
                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
          
                                    Tables 
         Table 1. Possible ways to measure creative thinking facets across domains ........................................ 26 
          
                                    Figures 
         Figure 1. Enablers and manifestations of creative thinking in the classroom ....................................... 11 
         Figure 2. Proposed focus domains for the assessment .......................................................................... 20 
         Figure 3. Competency model for the PISA test of creative thinking..................................................... 23 
         Figure 4. Examples of tasks in a written expression unit ...................................................................... 31 
         Figure 5. Examples of tasks in a visual expression unit ........................................................................ 33 
         Figure 6. Example of tasks in a social problem solving unit ................................................................. 35 
         Figure 7. Example of template for a scientific problem unit ................................................................. 37