TherevisedTemperamentandCharacter
                                   Inventory:normativedatabysexandage
                                   fromaSpanishnormalrandomized
                                   sample
                                                         1            2                  3
                                    Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes , Javier Labad , Lourdes Martorell ,
                                              1               3              1
                                    AnaGaviria , CarmenBayon ,Elisabet Vilella and
                                                            ´
                                                      4
                                    C. Robert Cloninger
                                   1 Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili,
                                    CIBERSAM,Ctra.del’InstitutPereMata,s/n,Reus,Spain,
                                   2 Department of Psychiatry, Corporacio Sanitaria Parc Taulı, I3PT, UAB. Sabadell, Barcelona,
                                                             ´    `        ´
                                    Spain
                                   3 Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
                                   4 Departament of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
                                      ABSTRACT
                                      Objectives. The psychometric properties regarding sex and age for the revised
                                      version of the TemperamentandCharacterInventory(TCI-R)anditsderivedshort
                                      version, the TemperamentandCharacterInventory(TCI-140),wereevaluatedwith
                                      arandomizedsamplefromthecommunity.
                                      Methods. A randomized sample of 367 normal adult subjects from a Spanish
                                      municipality, who were representative of the general population based on sex and
                                      age, participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency
                                      accordingtoα coefficientwereobtainedforallofthedimensionsandfacets.T-tests
                                      andunivariateanalysesofvariance,followedbyBonferronitests,wereconductedto
                                      comparethedistributionsoftheTCI-Rdimensionscoresbyageandsex.
                                      Results. On both the TCI-R and TCI-140, women had higher scores for Harm
        Submitted 16July 2015         Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness than men, whereas men
        Accepted 16November2015       hadhigher scores for Persistence. Age correlated negatively with Novelty Seeking,
        Published 22 December 2015    RewardDependenceandCooperativenessandpositivelywithHarmAvoidanceand
        Corresponding author          Self-transcendence. Young subjects between 18 and 35 years had higher scores than
        Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes,      oldersubjectsinNSandRD.Subjectsbetween51and77yearsscoredhigherinboth
        gutierreza@peremata.com,
        jazotes@yahoo.es              HAandST.Thealphasforthedimensionswerebetween0.74and0.87fortheTCI-R
        Academic editor               andbetween0.63and0.83fortheTCI-140.
        DianeSwick                    Conclusion.Results, which were obtained with a randomized sample, suggest that
        Additional Information and    there are specific distributions of personality traits by sex and age. Overall, both the
        Declarations can be found on  TCI-RandtheabbreviatedTCI-140werereliableinthe‘good-to-excellent’range.A
        page12                        strengthofthecurrentstudyistherepresentativenessofthesample.
        DOI10.7717/peerj.1481
           Copyright                Subjects Psychiatry and Psychology
        2015 Gutierrez-Zotes et al.
                                    Keywords Personality, Character, Temperament, TCI-R, TCI-140, Randomized sample,
        Distributed under           Inventory
        Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0
        OPENACCESS
                                    Howtocitethisarticle Gutierrez-Zotesetal.(2015),TherevisedTemperamentandCharacterInventory: normativedatabysexandage
                                    fromaSpanishnormalrandomizedsample. PeerJ3:e1481;DOI10.7717/peerj.1481
                                             INTRODUCTION
                                             The personality paradigm proposed by Cloninger and colleagues (Cloninger, 1987;
                                             Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993) provides a dimensional alternative for studying
                                             personality. It posits that there is a contribution from biological mechanisms and from
                                             learning through interactions in the development of an individual in his environment.
                                             As such, all personality dimensions are heritable yet character is greatly influenced by
                                             sociocultural factors (Josefsson et al., 2013a). Temperament and character are distinct
                                             domainsofpersonality that interact as a dynamical non-linear system as emotional and
                                             rationalprocessesareintegratedthroughoutthelifespan(Josefssonetal.,2013a;Josefssonet
                                             al., 2013b; Cloninger, 2008). TherevisedTemperamentandCharacterInventory(TCI-R)is
                                             thethirdstageofdevelopmentofawidelyusedmultiscalepersonalityinventorythatbegan
                                             withtheTridimensionalPersonalityQuestionnaire(TPQ)andthentheTemperamentand
                                             CharacterInventory(TCI).
                                                All personality modules involve person by situation interactions that are regulated
                                             by a set of dynamical nonlinear systems, which allows human beings to be purposeful,
                                             flexible, and self-aware in their adaptation to life. Human personality is not adequately
                                             characterized as a set of linear traits because the components of personality are nonlinear
                                             in their functional effects and relationships with one another. As a result, personality is a
                                             complexexpressionofnonlinearinteractionsamongawholehierarchyoflearningsystems
                                             that have evolved and that develop over time as a complex adaptive process, as described
                                             in detail elsewhere (Cloninger, 2002; Turner et al., 2003; Cloninger, 2004; Cloninger, 2008;
                                             Cloninger&Kedia,2011;Cloninger,2015).
                                                Therevised Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck & Svrakic,
                                             1999) is a self-administered dimensional questionnaire designed to evaluate the 7 basic
                                             dimensionsofthePsychobiologicalModelofPersonality(Table1).Cloninger’spersonality
                                             modelincludes4temperamentand3characterdimensions.Thetemperamentdimensions
                                             are: Novelty seeking (NS; Exploratory excitability, Impulsiveness, Extravagance and
                                             Disorderliness) is defined as the tendency to respond impulsively to novel stimuli with
                                             active avoidance of frustration. It reflects the tendency to pursue reward and escape
                                             from punishment. Harm avoidance (HA; Anticipatory worry, Fear of uncertainty,
                                             Shyness with strangers and Fatigability) is the tendency to inhibit responses to aversive
                                             stimuli leading to avoidance of punishment and nonreward. Reward dependence (RD;
                                             Sentimentality, Openness to warm, Attachment and Dependence) is the tendency for
                                             positive attachment and response to signals of reward that maintain behavior. Persistence
                                             (PS; Eagerness of effort, Work hardened, Ambitious and Perfectionist) is the tendency to
                                             perseverancedespitefrustrationandfatiguebasedonresistancetoextinctionofreinforced
                                             behavior. The character dimensions are as follows: Self-directedness (SD; Responsibility,
                                             Purposefulness, Resourcefulness, Self-acceptance and Enlightened second nature) refers
                                             to the executive ability of an individual to control, regulate, and adapt behavior to fit
                                             the situation in accordance to personal goals. Cooperativeness (CO; Social acceptance,
                                             Empathy, Helpfulness, Compassion, Pure-hearted conscience) accounts for individual
                                             differences in the acceptance of other people. (3) Self-transcendence (ST; Self-forgetful,
         Gutierrez-Zotes et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.1481                                                                   2/15
            Gutierrez-Zotes
                                  Table1 TCI-Rdescriptive,alpha,meanscomparisonforsexand,correlationswithage.
                                 Facetsandscales                          r Age       Items           All(n=367)                        Females(n=207)                                Males(n=160)
            et                                                                                                                                         ***                                         ***
                                                                                               M(SD)               α        M(SD)               M(SD)           α       M(SD)               M(SD)           α        Cohen’sd      p
            al.                                                                **
                                 NS1.Exploratory excitability             −.38        10       29.11 (6.05)        .53      28.89 (6.15)        2.88 (.61)      .54     29.39 (5.90)        2.93 (.59)      .52      −.08          .437
            (2015),              NS2.Impulsiveness                        −.06        9        21.74 (5.48)        .56      21.32 (5.57)        2.36 (.61)      .59     22.28 (5.32)        2.47 (.59)      .52      −.17          .099
                                                                               **
                                 NS3.Extravagance                         −.31        9        24.99 (6.10)        .66      25.00 (6.54)        2.77 (.72)      .72     24.98 (5.50)        2.77 (.61)      .55      .00           .977
                                                                               **
                                 NS4.Disorderliness                       −.26        7        16.64 (4.59)        .44      16.28 (4.26)        2.32 (.60)      .39     17.11 (4.96)        2.44 (.70)      .49      −.18          .083
            P                    NS.NoveltySeeking                        −.38**      35       92.49(14.94)        .74      91.50(14.76)        2.61(.42)       .74     93.77(15.13)        2.67(.43)       .74      −.15          .150
            eerJ                 HA1.Anticipatory worry                   .05         11       28.54 (6.63)        .64      29.76 (6.98)        2.70 (.63)      .68     26.95 (5.80)        2.45 (.52)      .54      .43           <.000
            ,                                                                **
                                 HA2.Fearofuncertainty                    .16         7        25.49 (4.93)        .60      26.82 (4.70)        3.83 (.67)      .58     23.78 (4.70)        3.39 (.67)      .53      .64           <.000
            DOI                  HA3.Shynesswithstrangers                 .10         7        20.80 (5.82)        .72      20.65 (5.89)        2.95 (.84)      .74     20.99 (5.74)        2.99 (.82)      .70      −.05          .584
            10.7717/peerj.1481   HA4.Fatigability                         .06*        8        22.13 (5.60)        .60      22.86 (5.97)        2.85 (.74)      .63     21.18 (4.93)        2.64 (.61)      .52      .30           .004
                                 HA.HarmAvoidance                         .13         33       96.97(16.24)        .80      100.11(16.48)       3.03(.49)       .81     92.91(15.03)        2.81(.45)       .77      .45           <.000
                                 RD1.Sentimentality                       .07         8        29.70 (4.80)        .51      31.01 (4.53)        3.87 (.56)      .52     27.99 (4.61)        3.49 (.57)      .42      .66           <.000
                                                                               **
                                 RD2.Opennestowarm                        −.13        10       36.04 (7.48)        .75      37.52 (7.12)        3.75 (.71)      .73     34.13 (7.52)        3.41 (.75)      .74      .73           <.000
                                                                               **
                                 RD3.Attachment                           −.27        6        21.80 (5.42)        .72      22.69 (5.30)        3.78 (.88)      .72     20.66 (5.37)        3.44 (.89)      .72      .38           <.000
                                                                               **
                                 RD4.Dependence                           −.16        6        20.62 (4.25)        .48      20.81 (4.22)        3.46 (.70)      .46     20.37 (4.28)        3.39 (.71)      .51      .10           .325
                                 RD.RewardDependence                      −.18**      30       108.17(15.52)       .80      112.05(14.50)       3.73(.48)       .78     103.16(15.40)       3.43(.51)       .80      .59           <.000
                                                                             **
                                 PS1.Eagerness of effort                  .15         9        31.65 (6.11)        .64      31.60 (6.14)        3.51 (.68)      .66     31.70 (6.10)        3.52 (.67)      .64      −.01          .880
                                 PS2.Workhardened                         −.01        8        27.67 (5.71)        .68      27.08 (6.20)        3.38 (.77)      .73     28.43 (4.93)        3.55 (.61)      .55      −.24          .021
                                 PS3.Ambitious                            −.09        10       27.92 (6.99)        .71      26.77 (6.89)        2.67 (.68)      .70     29.40 (6.87)        2.94 (.68)      .71      −.38          <.000
                                 PS4.Perfectionist                        .07         8        25.58 (5.79)        .63      25.39 (6.01)        3.17 (.75)      .67     25.82 (5.50)        3.22 (.68)      .60      −.07          .483
                                 PS.Persistence                           .03         35       112.82(19.47)       .86      110.86(20.09)       3.16(.57)       .87     115.36(18.39)       3.29(.52)       .84      −.23          .028
                                                                               **
                                 SD1.Responsability                       −.19        8        31.77 (6.16)        .76      31.65 (6.32)        3.95 (.79)      .76     31.91 (5.95)        3.98 (.74)      .77      −.04          .687
                                 SD2.Purposefulness                       −.01        6        23.50 (4.45)        .61      23.15 (4.67)        3.85 (.77)      .63     23.96 (4.10)        3.99 (.68)      .56      −.18          .082
                                                                               **
                                 SD3.Resourcefulness                      −.19        5        18.83 (3.79)        .56      18.48 (3.80)        3.69 (.76)      .53     19.30 (3.72)        3.86 (.74)      .60      −.21          .041
                                 SD4.Self-acceptance                      .06         10       35.09 (8.02)        .76      35.46 (8.16)        3.54 (.81)      .77     34.61 (7.84)        3.46 (.78)      .76      .10           .318
                                 SD5.Enlightened second nature            .09         11       40.71 (6.43)        .64      40.61 (6.65)        3.69 (.60)      .66     40.85 (6.16)        3.71 (.56)      .61      −.03          .721
                                 SD.Self-directiveness                    −.04        40       149.93(20.21)       .85      149.37(21.22)       3.73(.53)       .86     150.66(18.87)       3.76(.47)       .84      −.06          .545
                                                                               **
                                 CO1.Social acceptance                    −.19        8        32.20 (5.17)        .69      32.46 (5.00)        4.05 (.62)      .67     31.86 (5.38)        3.98 (.67)      .71      .11           .266
                                                                               **
                                 CO2.Empathy                              −.18        5        18.77 (3.60)        .51      19.42 (3.44)        3.88 (.68)      .50     17.95 (3.64)        3.59 (.72)      .48      .41           .000
                                 CO3.Helpfulness                          −.07        8        32.16 (4.02)        .49      32.33 (3.68)        4.04 (.46)      .36     31.93 (4.42)        3.99 (.55)      .61      .1            .350
                                 CO4.Compassion                           .05         7        29.14 (4.99)        .77      29.67 (4.68)        4.23 (.66)      .75     28.46 (5.31)        4.06 (.75)      .79      .24           .022
                                 CO5.Pure-heartedconscience               −.02        8        30.36 (4.56)        .33      30.53 (4.23)        3.81 (.52)      .26     30.15 (4.97)        3.76 (.62)      .41      .08           .428
                                 CO.Cooperativeness                       −.11*       36       142.65(15.22)       .80      144.43(13.63)       4.01(.38)       .76     140.36(16.84)       3.89(.46)       .84      .26           .013
                                                                             *
                                 ST1.Self-forgetful                       .12         10       28.29 (7.31)        .72      28.47 (7.24)        2.84 (.72)      .71     28.05 (7.41)        2.80 (.74)      .73      .05           .579
                                                                             **
                                 ST2.Transpersonal identification         .37         8        20.19 (6.21)        .70      20.27 (6.07)        2.53 (.75)      .67     20.10 (6.41)        2.51 (.80)      .73      .02           .795
                                                                             **
                                 ST3.Spiritual acceptance                 .29         8        18.02 (5.99)        .70      18.57 (6.21)        2.32 (.77)      .71     17.31 (5.62)        2.16 (.70)      .69      .21           .046
                                 ST.Self-transcendence                    .31**       26       66.51(15.92)        .84      67.32(16.12)        2.58(.62)       .85     65.46(15.64)        2.51(.60)       .84      .11           .269
                               Notes.
                                   Correlations:
                                 ** p < .001.
                                  * p < .05.
                                *** Scalated scores were computed as raw score/number of items to enable comparability across dimensions.
            3/15
                                             TranspersonalidentificationandSpiritualacceptance)isviewedastheidentificationwith
                                             everything conceived as essential and consequential parts of a unified whole (Cloninger,
                                             Svrakic&Przybeck,1993;Cloningeretal.,1994).TheTCI-140representsashortformofthe
                                             original TCI-R.Itprovidesascoreforthetemperament(noveltyseeking,harmavoidance,
                                             reward dependence, and persistence) and character (self-directedness, cooperativeness,
                                             andself-transcendence)dimensionoftheTCI-R,aswellasseparatescoresforeachfacet.
                                                Todate, the TCI-R has been adapted in various languages and cross-cultural contexts
                                             with clinical and non-clinical samples, including in Italy (Fossati et al., 2007), Belgium
                                             (Hansenne, Delhez & Cloninger, 2005), France (Pelissolo et al., 2005), the United States
                                             (Cloninger, Przybeck & Svrakic, 1999), Spain (Gutierrez-Zotes et al., 2004), the Czech
                                                                                                   ´
                                             Republic (Preiss et al., 2007), Brazil (Goncalves & Cloninger, 2010), Bulgaria (Tilov et
                                             al., 2012), Mexico (Fresan et al., 2011) and Serbia (Dzamonja-Ignjatovic et al., 2010).
                                                                      ´
                                             These validation studies have yielded variable results with regard to the psychometric
                                             properties of the model. Thus, not all studies obtained similar values of reliability on the
                                             scales. The results are inconsistent when the variables of age and sex in each dimension
                                             are analyzed. A study based on a random sample is necessary to clarify the bias from
                                             non-representativenessbysexandageinothersamples.
                                                Themajorityofthevalidationstudiesexaminingnormalpopulationswereconducted
                                             withvolunteersand/orstudents,whichindicatesthatthereisaself-selectionbias.Thistype
                                             of sample selection may not represent the general population in terms of demographic
                                             andpsychologicalvariablesgiventhatitdoesnotconsiderthemoderatingeffectsofthese
                                             variables. Conclusions generated from studies with these samples make it difficult to
                                             extrapolate the results to the general population and may influence the psychometric
                                             properties of reliability and construct validity regarding this instrument. The personality
                                             dimensions may be influenced by demographic factors, such as age, sex and level of
                                             education(Mendlowicz&Girardin,2000).Onestudyfoundapositiveassociationbetween
                                             job status and the TCI dimensions of RD, CO and ST (Mendlowicz & Girardin, 2000).
                                             Menemployed in sectors characterized by outdoor manual work had lower levels of
                                             C, whereas men employed in service industries scored higher in ST (Al-Halabı et al.,
                                                                                                                                ´
                                             2010). In that study, other socio-demographic variables also influenced the personality
                                             dimensions.Independentofage,NSwashigherinwomenwiththird-leveleducationsand
                                             wasmarkedlylowerinwomenwhowerehomemakers.Menwiththird-leveleducations
                                             and unmarried men with long-term partners had lower levels of HA. There was an
                                             association between education and RD in women such that increasing educational levels
                                             wereassociated with increasing RD. Independent of age, employed men and unmarried
                                             menwithlong-termpartnershadincreasedSD.Inwomen,highereducationallevelswere
                                             associatedwithincreasedC,whereaswomenwithonesiblinghadlowerC.
                                                Saliba & Ostojic (2014) in a work that examines the influence of personality factors
                                             onwillingness to participate in studies, suggest that personality factors affect a person’s
                                             decision to participate in a study. In a sample of volunteers, the Myers-Briggs Type
                                             Inventory-Form M(MBTI-M)wasusedtoassesspersonalitytypewiththeresultthata
                                             numberofpersonality types were found to be over-represented and under-represented
         Gutierrez-Zotes et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.1481                                                                   4/15