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THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS
What is Temperament?
■ Behavioral model first presented by David Keirsey in the book,Please Understand Me that
classifies people into one of four basic patterns of behavior
■ Developed independently of type theory and the MBTI assessment-Keirsey’s early names
for the four groupings were Idealists, Rationalists, Guardians and Artisans
■ Only later was psychological type used as a means to identify these behavioral groups
■ Temperament by-passes some of the complexities of type and becomes an actionable tool
by focusing on observable, and even predictable, behavior
What is The 4 Temperaments Workbook?
This book,a companion to a temperament workshop or to OKA’s The 4 Temperaments video
series, is designed to provide you with additional content on temperament, allow you to
personalize your understanding of the different temperament groups and to formalize an
action plan that puts to work the insights gleaned from your exposure to the temperaments.
NF (Intuition–Feeling)...........................2 Leadership Styles
Overview,Pathways and Pitfalls, of the Four Temperaments...........18
Descriptive Words...........................3 Teaching and Learning Styles
Leading and Following, of the Four Temperaments...........19
Teaching and Learning...................4
Questions..............................................5 NF Action Plan......................................20
NT (Intuition–Thinking)........................6 NT Action Plan......................................21
Overview,Pathways and Pitfalls, SJ Action Plan.......................................22
Descriptive Words...........................7 SP Action Plan.......................................23
able of Contents Leading and Following, Team Action Plan..................................24
T Teaching and Learning...................8
Questions..............................................9 The Creative Tension between
SJ (Sensing–Judging)...........................10 Type and Temperament................25
Overview,Pathways and Pitfalls, Next Steps..............................................26
Descriptive Words.........................11
Leading and Following, Sample
Teaching and Learning.................12
Questions............................................13
SP (Sensing–Perceiving)......................14
Overview,Pathways and Pitfalls,
Descriptive Words.........................15
Leading and Following,
Teaching and Learning.................16
OKA
Questions............................................17
1
THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS
NF Intuition–Feeling
NT
SJ
SP
NFs look at the world and see possibilities (iNtuition), then
translate those possibilities inter- and intrapersonally (Feeling).
Representing about 12% of the population,they are the
idealists of life, and they tend to serve causes that advance
human interests, but their sensitivity can lead them to
personalize any form of criticism, often resulting in their
needlessly feeling hurt. Overall, NFs feel that the most
important thing is to be in harmony with their values and often
with others. Everything else will naturally fall into place.
Sample
OKA
2
THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS NF
Intuition–Feeling
NF Overview
Eat, Sleep and Breathe: Achilles’ Heel: Guilt
Personalization Motto:“I’m an NF,and
Quest: Identity I’m here to help.”
Style: Catalytic
Pathways and Pitfalls
■ Tend to have diplomatic ■ Quick to feel and inflict guilt
intelligence ■ Hold grudges
■ Tend to tie work,relationships Pitfalls
Pathways and activities to values and turn ■ Have trouble facing conflict,
them into causes delivering bad news and taking
■ Value harmony and interpersonal action that will bring a negative
connectedness reaction
■ Tend to be aware of others’ ■ Tendency to carry and
feelings emotionally rescue people—even
those who don’t want saving
■ Work to include others
Descriptive Words
■ Seductive ■ Possibilities for ■ Mysterious ■ Needs
■ Interpersonal skills people ■ Hypersensitive to encouragement &
recognition
■ Interaction Sample
■ Supportive of conflict ■ Integrity
others ■ Cooperation ■ Search for self ■ Giving strokes
■ Sympathetic ■ “Becoming” ■ Autonomy freely
■ Relationships ■ Vivid imagination
OKA
3
THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS
NF
Intuition–Feeling
Leading and Following
How NFs Lead How to Lead NFs
■ Regard power as residing in personal and ■ Like them,know them,acknowledge their
professional relationships uniqueness,share their values or at least
■ Create and maintain non-hierarchical work acknowledge that their values exist and are
structures and relationships important
■ See possibilities in institutions and people ■ Acknowledge their contribution and effort
■ Build bridges to individuals and groups with affirmation and sincere expressions of
through shared values, concern and affection, gratitude
and then leverage these bridges to bring ■ Help provide and maintain an open,conflict-
about the wanted outcome free workplace
■ Use inspirational speeches and imagery to ■ Ask for their help, support, creativity and
unite and motivate collaboration
■ Communicate appreciation,approval and ■ Affirm and complement at least as much as
hope with greater ease and urgency than you criticize and correct, and make sure
criticism or anything that invites conflict criticism is framed as a means to greater
■ Give and want compliments and affirmation personal and professional development—and
often a stronger bridge
Teaching and Learning
NF Teachers: NF Learners:
■ High personal commitment to students ■ Need acceptance,care,support
■ In touch with climate of classroom,creating ■ Enjoy group interaction
harmony ■ Prefer cooperation to competition
■ Relate individually to each student to ■ Focus more on people than on problems
mobilize his/her talent Sample
■ Create egalitarian, comfortable atmosphere ■ Learn best in face-to-face dialogue
with students
■ Tie in content to learners’values or goals
OKA
4
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