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subject psychology paper no and title paper no 6 self and inner growth module no and title module no 7 carl rogers client centered therapy module tag psy p6 m7 ...

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                  Subject                PSYCHOLOGY 
                  Paper No and Title     Paper no.6 – Self and Inner growth  
                  Module No and Title    Module no.7: Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy 
                  Module Tag             PSY_ P6_M7 
                                                                                                    
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  
                  1.    Learning outcomes 
                  2.    Introduction 
                  3.    Periods of Development of this approach 
                  4. Basic Assumptions of Client Centered Therapy 
                               4.1    – Theory of Personality Growth and Maladjustment  
                               4.2      - The Counseling Relationship  
                                       
                                        
                  5.    Summary 
                          Learning Outcomes    
                   
                   
      PSYCHOLOGY                    PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth 
                                    MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy 
                      
                                                                                                                                                                      
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                       1.  LEARNING OUTCOMES    
                       After studying this module, you should be able to  
                                   Understand the basic assumptions of Client  Centered Therapy 
                                   Know about the theory of personality growth and maladjustment 
                                   Analyze the three core conditions required in client centered therapy 
                                   Identify six sufficient &necessary conditions for therapy 
                                   Evaluate the development of this approach 
                       2. INTRODUCTION  
                       The person associated with person centered counseling is none other than Carl Rogers. It was 
                       Rogers who initiated this theory and named it as the non-directive approach to psychotherapy, in 
                       which the chief responsibility of the clinician is to facilitate people express, clarify and gain 
                       insight into their emotions. Person-centered therapy was formulated by Carl Rogers in the 1940s.  
                       He was qualified to be a clinical psychologist and from 1928-40 he worked as a director of child 
                       study department of the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.  While 
                       working  over  there  he  developed  his  client  centered  therapy.    Rogers’  work  in  the  field  of 
                       counseling and psychotherapy had a great impact and it was not only because of his skills in 
                       writing, speaking, and management of encounter groups, but it was also the result of the various 
                       unique skills he introduced to the therapeutic field. He was the one who introduced the concept of 
                       teaching students how to do counseling by observing the counseling sessions and he also came up 
                       with ways to test therapy techniques’ effectiveness in controlled studies. 
                         
                       3. PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THIS APPROACH   
                        
                       The development of Person centered therapy originated with the work of Carl Rogers and his 
                       belief in human goodness .The development of this approach can be divided into four phase: 
                         
                           (1)  First Phase/Period can be classified as the one in which, Carl Rogers in 1942 published 
                                his first major work called counseling and psychotherapy at the time only two approaches 
                                were in the limelight namely psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach and behavioral 
                                approaches. Unlike the other two approaches Rogers had a positive view toward human 
                                being  and  emphasized  on  human  potential  and  growth  .Roger  felt  that  these  two 
                                approaches lack scientific method and gave all the responsibility to the therapist as they 
                                assumed clinicians know best and how the session of therapy should progress. In lieu of 
                                that he evolved his therapy known as Non Directive Counseling. The main goal of the 
                                clinician  is  to  facilitate  the  clients’  process  of  gaining  insight  into  their  emotions  to 
                                express and clarify any misconceptions and doubts they have about themselves. Roger’s 
                                theory  highlighted  the  counselor’s  formation  of  a  nonjudgmental  and  nondirective 
                                climate.  Rogers also confronted the validity of frequently acknowledged conventional 
        PSYCHOLOGY                             PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth 
                                               MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy 
                           
                                                                                                                                                                      
       ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
                                therapeutic  techniques  such  as  advice,  suggestion, 
                                direction,   persuasion,     teaching,    diagnosis,    and 
                                interpretation.  Rogers believed that diagnostic tools and comprehensive  
                            
                            
                           interventions techniques lacked validity and in contrast they gave in power to the clinicians 
                           over the client which could be misused. Nondirective counselors avoided sharing a great deal 
                           about  themselves  with  clients  and  in  its  place  concentrated  primarily  on  reflecting  and 
                           clarifying  the  clients’  verbal  and  nonverbal  communications  with  the  purpose  of  gaining 
                           insight into the feelings expressed by clients.  
                            
                           (2)  In The Second Period /Phase Carl Roger in the year 1951 published Client Centered 
                                Therapy to stress the importance of client rather than on the directive method. Rogers 
                                main focus was still on the individual’s emotions, his latest book highlighted that how his 
                                thinking  had  undergone  change  on  many  aspects.  Thus  he  changed  his  therapeutic 
                                technique  from  non-directive  counseling  to  Client  Centered  Therapy.  He  now 
                                emphasized that counseling cannot take place entirely in a non-directive manner.  This 
                                period focused on the phenomenological world of the client.  He felt that during the 
                                course of counseling the clinicians role should be more active and significant and he 
                                emphasized that by communicating the feelings of empathy, congruence and acceptance, 
                                clinicians build in the environment that is conducive to facilitating people make positive 
                                changes .therefore these three factors became the core components of Client centered 
                                Therapy  namely  Empathy,  Congruence  and  Unconditional  Positive  regard.  Rogers 
                                supposed that the best way of understanding how people behave was from their own 
                                internal frame of reference.  He focused more clearly on the actualizing tendency as the 
                                basic motivational force that leads to client change.  
                            
                           (3)  The Third Phase/ Period of development of Carl Roger’s counseling began in the 1960s 
                                with his famous publication of the book on “Becoming A Person” in the year 1961 and 
                                continued till 1970s. In this publication Carl Roger mentioned about his major concept of 
                                fully  functioning  person  and  healthy  individual.  According  to  him  fully  functioning 
                                individual has some characteristics which are that they are open to experience, a trust in 
                                one’s experience, an internal locus of evaluation, and the willingness to be in process. In 
                                his  book  Carl  Roger  laid  emphasize  on  the  necessary  and  sufficient  conditions  of 
                                therapy.  He was interested in how people best progress in psychotherapy, and he studied 
                                the qualities of the client-therapist relationship which facilitated as an important factor 
                                leading to personality change. Throughout Roger focused on positive growth of human 
                                beings  and  stressed  upon  innate  goodness  of  individuals.  This  belief  motivated  Carl 
                                Roger to apply his approach to various settings beyond clinical setting. He applied his 
                                approach to  the  student-centered  teaching.  He  is  also  known  as  the  prominent  force 
                                behind the Encounter groups which were used to help positive development. During the 
                                1970s his interest research was noticed and he made continues efforts to identify those 
                                elements of the client clinician relationship and the therapeutic process that are most 
                                likely to bring about positive changes in an individual. 
                        
                           (4)  The Fourth Phase/ Period, was marked during the late 1970s and 1980s, Roger’s work 
                                broadened and he applied his techniques to various spheres of life. Hence again the term 
                                Client  Centered  was  replaced  by  Person  Centered  .He  replaced  this  term  to  person 
                                centered as he believed that it best described his concern with all humanity as it dealt 
                                with the human potential and not just client –therapist relationship. Carl Rogers therapy 
        PSYCHOLOGY                             PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth 
                                               MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy 
                           
                                                                                                                               
    ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
                was not just used for the treatment of individuals but 
                also  in  families  ,organizations  ,  groups,  conflict 
                resolution, cross cultural settings ,administration and most significantly to promote world 
                peace. This theory came to be known as person-centered approach.  This alteration in 
                term mirrored the broadening application of the approach.  Areas of further application 
                included education, health care, and inter racial activity, international relations, politics, 
                and most significantly the achievement of world-peace. All the way through his career, 
                Rogers helped all individuals to feel powerful and in control of their lives at the same 
                time boosting them to respect the right of others to have their own feelings of power and 
                competence.  His Person Centered theory emerged with the belief that each individual has 
                within themselves potential to grow fully and for self-understanding for developing their 
                self-concept and self-direction.  
            4. BASIC ASSUMPTION OF  CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY   
            In the course of time Carl Rogers’s therapeutic approach has undergone lot of name change a: He 
            in the beginning called it non-directive, as he believed  that the therapist is not supposed to lead 
            the client, but instead should be there for the client and at the same time  the client should direct 
            the movement of the therapy. During the course of time while initiating the process of counseling, 
            he realized that, as "non-directive" as he was, he still influenced his client by his very "non-
            directiveness!”. Thus it can be said that, clients seem to be looking towards the therapists for 
            direction, and he/she would find out ways to gain some /other kind of guidance even though 
            therapist is trying not to guide because of this reason he changed the name of his therapy to 
            Client-Centered. Though he was of the belief that it should be the client who should be the one 
            who must be analyzing and revealing his faults and then should come up with ways of improving, 
            and client should be the one who should decide the conclusion of therapy. His therapy was still 
            especially "client-centered" in nature even though he recognized the importance of the therapist. 
            Sadly lot of therapists believed that this name for his therapy was blow for them. Thus because of 
            this  reason  he  changed  the  name  of  his  approach  to  client  centered  therapy,  reflecting  his 
            understanding that treatment cannot and probably should not be completely non-directive. Roger 
            now  believed  that  clinician’s  function  is  extremely  active  and  vital  and  believed  that  by 
            communicating  precise  empathy,  congruence  &  acceptance  clinicians  create  an  environment 
            which is conducive in helping people make positive changes. In present days, the terms non- 
            directive  and  client-centered  are  still  used;  the  majority  of  people  now  call  it  as  Rogerian 
            therapy. Later it was Rogers who said that his therapy is "supportive, and not reconstructive he  
            cited the e.g. of a “child who is learning to ride a cycle” while the child is learning how to ride the 
            cycle  one can’t just instruct the child but they have to try it for themselves and same goes for the  
            therapy.  According  to  Rogers,  acceptance  reflection  and  genuineness  are  key  components  of 
            counseling session.  He avoided intricate diagnostic and intervention techniques as he felt that it 
            gave power to clinicians over the clients. Client-centered therapy varies from other forms of 
            therapy because client-centered therapy does not focus on therapeutic techniques. What's most 
            essential in client-centered therapy is the quality of the relationship between the therapist and the 
            client. 
             
            One of the most important changes which humanistic counselors brought about in contrast to the 
            other therapist was that they used the term 'clients', instead of ‘patients’. As they believed that 
            both therapist and the client are equally responsible for the progress of the client. In other words 
            unlike other therapies the client is himself/herself accountable for improving his or her life, not 
            the therapist. This was a major shift in paradigm from both psychoanalysis and behavioral  
    PSYCHOLOGY          PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth 
                        MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy 
                
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...Subject psychology paper no and title self inner growth module carl rogers client centered therapy tag psy p m table of contents learning outcomes introduction periods development this approach basic assumptions theory personality maladjustment the counseling relationship summary after studying you should be able to understand know about analyze three core conditions required in identify six sufficient necessary for evaluate person associated with is none other than it was who initiated named as non directive psychotherapy which chief responsibility clinician facilitate people express clarify gain insight into their emotions formulated by s he qualified a clinical psychologist from worked director child study department rochester society prevention cruelty children while working over there developed his work field had great impact not only because skills writing speaking management encounter groups but also result various unique introduced therapeutic one concept teaching students how ...

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