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____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Subject PSYCHOLOGY Paper No and Title Paper no.6 – Self and Inner growth Module No and Title Module no.7: Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy Module Tag PSY_ P6_M7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Periods of Development of this approach 4. Basic Assumptions of Client Centered Therapy 4.1 – Theory of Personality Growth and Maladjustment 4.2 - The Counseling Relationship 5. Summary Learning Outcomes PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this module, you should be able to Understand the basic assumptions of Client Centered Therapy Know about the theory of personality growth and maladjustment Analyze the three core conditions required in client centered therapy Identify six sufficient &necessary conditions for therapy Evaluate the development of this approach 2. INTRODUCTION The person associated with person centered counseling is none other than Carl Rogers. It was Rogers who initiated this theory and named it as the non-directive approach to psychotherapy, in which the chief responsibility of the clinician is to facilitate people express, clarify and gain insight into their emotions. Person-centered therapy was formulated by Carl Rogers in the 1940s. He was qualified to be a clinical psychologist and from 1928-40 he worked as a director of child study department of the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. While working over there he developed his client centered therapy. Rogers’ work in the field of counseling and psychotherapy had a great impact and it was not only because of his skills in writing, speaking, and management of encounter groups, but it was also the result of the various unique skills he introduced to the therapeutic field. He was the one who introduced the concept of teaching students how to do counseling by observing the counseling sessions and he also came up with ways to test therapy techniques’ effectiveness in controlled studies. 3. PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THIS APPROACH The development of Person centered therapy originated with the work of Carl Rogers and his belief in human goodness .The development of this approach can be divided into four phase: (1) First Phase/Period can be classified as the one in which, Carl Rogers in 1942 published his first major work called counseling and psychotherapy at the time only two approaches were in the limelight namely psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach and behavioral approaches. Unlike the other two approaches Rogers had a positive view toward human being and emphasized on human potential and growth .Roger felt that these two approaches lack scientific method and gave all the responsibility to the therapist as they assumed clinicians know best and how the session of therapy should progress. In lieu of that he evolved his therapy known as Non Directive Counseling. The main goal of the clinician is to facilitate the clients’ process of gaining insight into their emotions to express and clarify any misconceptions and doubts they have about themselves. Roger’s theory highlighted the counselor’s formation of a nonjudgmental and nondirective climate. Rogers also confronted the validity of frequently acknowledged conventional PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ therapeutic techniques such as advice, suggestion, direction, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation. Rogers believed that diagnostic tools and comprehensive interventions techniques lacked validity and in contrast they gave in power to the clinicians over the client which could be misused. Nondirective counselors avoided sharing a great deal about themselves with clients and in its place concentrated primarily on reflecting and clarifying the clients’ verbal and nonverbal communications with the purpose of gaining insight into the feelings expressed by clients. (2) In The Second Period /Phase Carl Roger in the year 1951 published Client Centered Therapy to stress the importance of client rather than on the directive method. Rogers main focus was still on the individual’s emotions, his latest book highlighted that how his thinking had undergone change on many aspects. Thus he changed his therapeutic technique from non-directive counseling to Client Centered Therapy. He now emphasized that counseling cannot take place entirely in a non-directive manner. This period focused on the phenomenological world of the client. He felt that during the course of counseling the clinicians role should be more active and significant and he emphasized that by communicating the feelings of empathy, congruence and acceptance, clinicians build in the environment that is conducive to facilitating people make positive changes .therefore these three factors became the core components of Client centered Therapy namely Empathy, Congruence and Unconditional Positive regard. Rogers supposed that the best way of understanding how people behave was from their own internal frame of reference. He focused more clearly on the actualizing tendency as the basic motivational force that leads to client change. (3) The Third Phase/ Period of development of Carl Roger’s counseling began in the 1960s with his famous publication of the book on “Becoming A Person” in the year 1961 and continued till 1970s. In this publication Carl Roger mentioned about his major concept of fully functioning person and healthy individual. According to him fully functioning individual has some characteristics which are that they are open to experience, a trust in one’s experience, an internal locus of evaluation, and the willingness to be in process. In his book Carl Roger laid emphasize on the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapy. He was interested in how people best progress in psychotherapy, and he studied the qualities of the client-therapist relationship which facilitated as an important factor leading to personality change. Throughout Roger focused on positive growth of human beings and stressed upon innate goodness of individuals. This belief motivated Carl Roger to apply his approach to various settings beyond clinical setting. He applied his approach to the student-centered teaching. He is also known as the prominent force behind the Encounter groups which were used to help positive development. During the 1970s his interest research was noticed and he made continues efforts to identify those elements of the client clinician relationship and the therapeutic process that are most likely to bring about positive changes in an individual. (4) The Fourth Phase/ Period, was marked during the late 1970s and 1980s, Roger’s work broadened and he applied his techniques to various spheres of life. Hence again the term Client Centered was replaced by Person Centered .He replaced this term to person centered as he believed that it best described his concern with all humanity as it dealt with the human potential and not just client –therapist relationship. Carl Rogers therapy PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ was not just used for the treatment of individuals but also in families ,organizations , groups, conflict resolution, cross cultural settings ,administration and most significantly to promote world peace. This theory came to be known as person-centered approach. This alteration in term mirrored the broadening application of the approach. Areas of further application included education, health care, and inter racial activity, international relations, politics, and most significantly the achievement of world-peace. All the way through his career, Rogers helped all individuals to feel powerful and in control of their lives at the same time boosting them to respect the right of others to have their own feelings of power and competence. His Person Centered theory emerged with the belief that each individual has within themselves potential to grow fully and for self-understanding for developing their self-concept and self-direction. 4. BASIC ASSUMPTION OF CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY In the course of time Carl Rogers’s therapeutic approach has undergone lot of name change a: He in the beginning called it non-directive, as he believed that the therapist is not supposed to lead the client, but instead should be there for the client and at the same time the client should direct the movement of the therapy. During the course of time while initiating the process of counseling, he realized that, as "non-directive" as he was, he still influenced his client by his very "non- directiveness!”. Thus it can be said that, clients seem to be looking towards the therapists for direction, and he/she would find out ways to gain some /other kind of guidance even though therapist is trying not to guide because of this reason he changed the name of his therapy to Client-Centered. Though he was of the belief that it should be the client who should be the one who must be analyzing and revealing his faults and then should come up with ways of improving, and client should be the one who should decide the conclusion of therapy. His therapy was still especially "client-centered" in nature even though he recognized the importance of the therapist. Sadly lot of therapists believed that this name for his therapy was blow for them. Thus because of this reason he changed the name of his approach to client centered therapy, reflecting his understanding that treatment cannot and probably should not be completely non-directive. Roger now believed that clinician’s function is extremely active and vital and believed that by communicating precise empathy, congruence & acceptance clinicians create an environment which is conducive in helping people make positive changes. In present days, the terms non- directive and client-centered are still used; the majority of people now call it as Rogerian therapy. Later it was Rogers who said that his therapy is "supportive, and not reconstructive he cited the e.g. of a “child who is learning to ride a cycle” while the child is learning how to ride the cycle one can’t just instruct the child but they have to try it for themselves and same goes for the therapy. According to Rogers, acceptance reflection and genuineness are key components of counseling session. He avoided intricate diagnostic and intervention techniques as he felt that it gave power to clinicians over the clients. Client-centered therapy varies from other forms of therapy because client-centered therapy does not focus on therapeutic techniques. What's most essential in client-centered therapy is the quality of the relationship between the therapist and the client. One of the most important changes which humanistic counselors brought about in contrast to the other therapist was that they used the term 'clients', instead of ‘patients’. As they believed that both therapist and the client are equally responsible for the progress of the client. In other words unlike other therapies the client is himself/herself accountable for improving his or her life, not the therapist. This was a major shift in paradigm from both psychoanalysis and behavioral PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 6 – Self and Inner growth MODULE No. 7 : Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy
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