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subject psychology paper no and title paper no 5 personality theories module no and title module no 7 introduction to the psychodynamic domain module tag psy p5 m7 table of ...

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                  Subject                PSYCHOLOGY 
                  Paper No and Title     Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                  Module No and Title    Module No 7: Introduction to the Psychodynamic Domain 
                  Module Tag             PSY_P5_M7 
                                          
                                                                                                    
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  
                  1. Learning Outcomes 
                   
                  2.  Introduction 
                   
                  3. Development of the Psychoanalytic Movement 
                   
                  4. Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis 
                    
                  5. Basic Understanding of Human Nature 
                   
                  6. Methodology 
                         
                  7. Summary 
                                              
      PSYCHOLOGY                    Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                                    Module No 7: Introduction to the Psychodynamic Domain 
                   
                                                            
     ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
                 1.  Learning Outcomes   
                 After studying this module, you shall be able to 
                      Trace the development of the psychoanalytic movement  
                      Learn about the primary contributions of Neo-Freudians 
                      Gain an understanding of human nature from the psychodynamic perspective. 
                      Learn about the methodology used. 
                 2. Introduction 
                 Psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud and dominated thinking 
                                                                                 th
                 about personality, mental disorders and psychotherapy for the first half of the 20  century. The 
                 term ‘psychodynamics’ was used by Freud to describe the processes of the mind as the flow of 
                 libidinal energy. Psychodynamic theory is built on the basic mechanistic postulate that there 
                 exists a mental energy system that is governed by the physical principles of conservation of 
                 energy. The theory is deterministic and lays emphasis on the unconscious determinants of 
                 behavior, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior 
                 and to treat people suffering from mental illnesses. 
                 Psychoanalysis was once the most popular domain of psychology. It could be said with certain 
                 surety that it was Sigmund Freud and the popularity of his approach that gave psychology the 
                 thrust it needed when it was emerging as a discipline. Although most contemporary academicians 
                 choose to drop it out of the mainstream psychology, the reaches of Freud’s notions are so far and 
                 wide that they are embedded in the very evolution of psychology. The original Freudian theory 
                 was criticized and many of his own disciples deflected from him, bringing their own concepts and 
                 widening the psychodynamic approach. Starting from the neo-Freudians, the psychoanalytic 
                 school has evolved from classical psychoanalysis and the contemporary notions are much 
                 different from the original Freudian specifics. 
                  
                 3. Development of the psychoanalytic movement 
                  
                 In the initial years of his practice, Freud used hypnosis on his patients, a method he borrowed 
                 from Jean Charcot. Working with Joseph Breuer, he developed the “talking cure” or free 
                 association in the treatment of hysteria. The use of free association eventually led Freud to 
                 theorize about the unconscious and the concept of repression. He developed dream analysis as a 
                 means of tapping into the unconscious realm. These were the beginnings of his new found 
                 “psychoanalysis”.  
                  
                 Freud engaged in self analysis; delving into his own dreams, emotions, memories. This reflection 
                 convinced him of the importance of infantile sexuality and led to the development of the 
                 psychosexual stages and the concept of the Oedipus complex. Then he began to develop the 
                 levels of consciousness and the structure of personality. 
                  
                 Freud regularly delivered lectures at the University of Vienna and his ideas began to gather 
                 followers. A small group of interested physicians began to gather in his apartment every 
      PSYCHOLOGY                   Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                                   Module No 7: Introduction to the Psychodynamic Domain 
                  
                                                                                                                
         ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
                               Wednesday, and this came to be known as the Wednesday 
                               Psychological Society. Among these initial followers were 
                               Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane, Rudolf Reitler and Alfred Adler, who later developed their own 
                               perspectives. Gradually the membership increased but Freud remained the society’s sole patron.  
                                
                               In 1906, Freud began correspondence with Jung, an already established psychiatrist in Zurich 
                               who had set up a similar society in Zurich. Freud saw him as his crown prince and in 1910, he 
                               was elected as the president of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA). But Jung’s 
                               thinking was markedly different from Freud’s, being more concerned with religion, spirituality 
                               and moral concerns. They had a bitter fall out eventually.  
                                
                               In 1908, the society was renamed ‘The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society’. As the reach became 
                               international, the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in April, 1908. The first 
                               journal of psychoanalysis was launched in 1909, with Jung as its editor.  In 1910, a sister society 
                               formed in Russia and in the next year, the society admitted its first female members.  
                                
                               Freud gave a series of lectures in the United States in 1909, which marked the spread of the 
                               psychoanalytic movement to the continent. Freud remarked to Jung who was touring with him, 
                               “They do not realize that we are bringing them the plague”. The event attracted much attention 
                               and led to the founding of the American Psychoanalytic Association by James Putnam in 1911.  
                                
                               4. Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis 
                                
                               The psychoanalytic tradition was carried forward by several followers of Freud, some devout and 
                               remaining true to his classical theory and others who initially followed and later disagreed with 
                               him. Some were bothered by Freud’s emphasis on the importance of sexuality and the idea that 
                               sexual issues are important even in infancy. Others took issue with Freud’s over-emphasis on the 
                               unconscious processes or with the fact that he didn’t give enough attention to the ego (Carver & 
                               Scheier, 1996). Several early members of the movement who swerved away established their own 
                               factions and so began the psychodynamic perspective. The neo-Freudians include Alfred Adler, 
                               Carl Jung, Anna Freud (Freud’s daughter), Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Otto Rank, Sandor 
                               Ferenczi, Heinz Hartmann, Erich Fromm and Harry Sullivan among others. Some of these 
                               personalities went on to develop their own substantial theories markedly different from Freud’s 
                               and offering new insights into the human unconscious and psyche.  
                                
                               Neo-Freudians, broadly speaking, made the following changes in Freud’s psychoanalytic view of 
                               personality: 
                                
                                    i.       They put greater emphasis on ego functions, including ego defenses, development of the 
                                             self, conscious thought processes and personal mastery. 
                                   ii.       They view social variables as playing a greater role in shaping personality. 
                                  iii.       They put less emphasis on the importance of general sexual urges or libidinal energy. 
                                   iv.       They have extended personality development beyond childhood to include the entire life 
                                             span. 
                                
                                
                                
                                
                                
           PSYCHOLOGY                                           Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                                                                Module No 7: Introduction to the Psychodynamic Domain 
                                
                                  
   ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
           
          4.1 Carl Jung’s analytical psychology 
          Jung believed in the occult and mysticism, and that each of us is motivated not only by repressed 
          experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors. He 
          introduced the concept of the collective unconscious and gave much importance to symbolism 
          and archetypes. The personality or psyche, as Jung calls it, consists of separate but interacting 
          systems; the ego, the personal unconscious and its complexes, the collective unconscious and its 
          archetypes, the persona, the anima/animus and the shadow. The self is the fully developed and 
          unified personality. Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites. People are introverted and 
          extraverted; rational and irrational; male and female; conscious and unconscious; and pushed by 
          past events while being pulled by future expectations (Feist & Feist, 2008). 
           
          4.2 Alfred Adler’s individual psychology  
          Adler’s theory emphasizes the role of striving for superiority and the importance of caring and 
          concern for others (Carver & Scheier, 1996). He gave much emphasis to social relationships 
          within the family as children grow up and held that the position within the family is extremely 
          important in determining how an individual deals with reality, and therefore in determining the 
          personality. Individual psychology presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on 
          the notion of social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all humankind. It refers to the need 
          to live in harmony with others and Adler believed social interest is important to be a complete 
          person. He presented a more hopeful view of man than the orthodox analysts did.  
           
          4.3 Karen Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory  
          Horney began as an orthodox Freudian but broke with Freud over his interpretations of the female 
          oedipal complex (or the Electra complex; discussed in the next module). Her theory of 
          personality emphasizes the social and cultural influences, rather than the biological ones, in the 
          formation of the self (McAdams, 2001). Culture, especially early childhood experiences, plays a 
          leading role in shaping personality. She agreed with Freud that early childhood traumas are 
          important, but she differed from him in her insistence that social rather than biological forces are 
          paramount in personality development. According to her, children whose needs for love and 
          affection have not been satisfied during childhood develop basic hostility toward their parents 
          and, as a consequence, suffer from basic anxiety. 
           
          4.4 Erich Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis 
          Fromm developed a neo-Freudian theory that emphasizes social and cultural forces in the 
          formation of personality. He blended insights about human nature drawn from both Freud and 
          Karl Marx to develop an integrative theory that attempts to link personal needs, character types, 
          societal structures, and the movement of history (McAdams, 2001). The humanistic 
          psychoanalysis assumes that humanity’s separation from the natural world has produced feelings 
          of loneliness and isolation, a condition called basic anxiety. Fromm’s basic thesis is that modern-
          day people have been torn away from their prehistoric union with nature and also with one 
          another, yet they have the power of reasoning, foresight, and imagination. This combination of 
          lack of animal instincts and presence of rational thought makes humans the freaks of the universe. 
          Self awareness contributes to feelings of loneliness, isolation, and homelessness. To escape from 
          these feelings, people strive to become reunited with nature and with their fellow human beings 
          (Feist & Feist, 2008). 
           
           
           
    PSYCHOLOGY      Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                    Module No 7: Introduction to the Psychodynamic Domain 
           
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...Subject psychology paper no and title personality theories module introduction to the psychodynamic domain tag psy p m table of contents learning outcomes development psychoanalytic movement neo freudian psychoanalysis basic understanding human nature methodology summary after studying this you shall be able trace learn about primary contributions freudians gain an from perspective used originated with work sigmund freud dominated thinking th mental disorders psychotherapy for first half century term psychodynamics was by describe processes mind as flow libidinal energy theory is built on mechanistic postulate that there exists a system governed physical principles conservation deterministic lays emphasis unconscious determinants behavior early childhood experiences interpersonal relationships explain treat people suffering illnesses once most popular it could said certain surety popularity his approach gave thrust needed when emerging discipline although contemporary academicians choo...

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