CHAPTER II 
                   REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE 
               In this chapter the researcher discusses some topics relate to the theory 
             of the research. These are about the definition of speaking, teaching speaking, 
             definition  of  teaching  technique,  definition  of  small  group  discussion, 
             characteristics of small group discussion, the implementation of small group 
             discussion  in  teaching  speaking,  problems  and  solutions  of  small  group 
             discussion. 
           2.1  Teaching Speaking 
             2.1.1 Definition of Speaking 
               Speaking  is  one  of  language  skills  which  is  very  important  to  be 
             mastered  by  students  in  order  to  effectively  communicate.  To  get  more 
             understanding  about  what  speaking  is,  the  researcher  finds  out  some 
             definitions of speaking from some experts. According to Nunan (2003, p.48) 
             “Speaking is the productive oral skill and it consists of producing systematic 
             verbal utterance to convey meaning.” Futhermore, Fulcher (2003, p.23) states 
             that “Speaking is the verbal use of language to communicate with others.” 
             From the statement above, the researcher summarizes that speaking is the 
             ability to express ideas and exchange the information with others by using 
             spoken language. 
               The  main  aim  of  speaking  is  to  communicate,  which  conveys 
             information or expression one’s thoughts and feelings in spoken language 
             from the speaker to the listener. The listener should interpret the information 
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                                        from the speaker. That is why the speaker should convey the information in a 
                                        good way. 
                                        2.1.2 Teaching Speaking 
                                                Teaching is an activity that helps the students to develop their skill. 
                                        According to Brown (2000, p.7), “Teaching is showing or helping someone to 
                                        learn  how  to  do  something,  giving  instruction,  guiding  in  the  study  of 
                                        something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand”. It 
                                        means that teaching is an activity that intends to help the students to learn 
                                        something  and  facilitate  or  share  knowledge  to  make  them  understand. 
                                        Furthermore,  according  to  Samuda  and  Bygate  (2008,  p.7),  “The  aim  of 
                                        second/foreign language teaching is to develop students’ ability to the target 
                                        language.” 
                                                Meanwhile, Kayi (2006) points out that the aim of teaching speaking is 
                                        to teach ESL learners to : 
                                         a.  Produce the English speech sounds and sound pattern. 
                                         b.  Use word and sentence stress, itonation, patterns and the rhythm of the 
                                              second language. 
                                         c.  Select  appropriate  words  and  sentence  according  to  the  proper  social 
                                              setting, audience, situation and subject matter. 
                                         d.  Organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence. 
                                         e.  Use language as a means of expessing values and judgements. 
                                         f.   Use the language quickly and confidently  with few unnatural pauses, 
                                              which is called as fluency. 
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               Based on the theories  above,  the  researcher  concludes  that  teaching 
             speaking is a process where the teachers helps the students to develop their 
             ability to use the target language. 
           2.2 Definition of Teaching Technique 
               In  teaching  and  learning  English,  technique  is  one  of  the  important 
             aspects  which  determine  the  success.  According  to  Gerlach  et  al  (1980), 
             “Techniques  are  the  ways  and  means  adopted  by  teacher  to  direct  the 
             learners’ activities toward an objective.” It means that technique is the ways 
             used by teacher in order to help students find the aims of learning. 
               Furthermore, to get satisfiying result, there are some conceptualization 
             and  organization  in  language  teaching,  namely:  (a)  method  which  means 
             overall plan for the teaching and learning activities, (b) strategy which refers 
             to a specific action that the teacher does in order to achieve the objective of 
             study, (c) technique which refers to the term of activities in teaching. It is 
             concerned with the exercise for the students, activities in the learning process, 
             or tasks in the classroom (Brown, 2001:16). It means that technique is the 
             variety of activities or task that is used for teaching and learning process in 
             the classroom. 
               Based on the definitions above, the researcher concludes that technique 
             is  the  tool  used  by  teacher  to  guide  the  students  in  achieving  learning 
             objectives. In the teaching and learning speaking skill, the technique that used 
             by  teacher  intended  to  make  the  students  speak  English  with  a  good 
             pronunciation, accuracy and fluency. 
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           2.3 Small Group Discussion 
            2.3.1  The Definition of Small Group Discussion 
               Small  group  discussion  does  not  seem  like  recitation  in  which  the 
             conversation belongs to only teacher and certain students, but small group 
             discussion encourages and emphasizes students to interact each other. Brown 
             (2000)  states  that  small  group  discussion  is  a  group  of  students  working 
             corporately for achieving certain  goals.  Moreover, Cohen & Lotan (2014) 
             define that students work together in a small group to participate in a clearly 
             assigned learning task. In addition, Galanes, Adams, and Brihart (2004, p.9) 
             state  that  group  discussion  or  small  group  is  a  small  group  of  people 
             communicating with each other to achieve some interdependent goal such as 
             increased  understanding  coordination  of  activity,  or  solutions  to  a  shared 
             problem.  Furthermore,  Arends  (2007,  p.430-431)  define  that  small  group 
             discussion is a situation in which students exchange and share informations 
             with their group to find solution of task given. Therefore, it can be concluded 
             that in the small group discussion, students are involved in the conversation 
             with other members of group, and also working in a group allow students to 
             exchange their opinion which will make it easier for them to complete the 
             task given. 
             2.3.2 Characteristics of Small Group Discussion 
               Among  some  teachers,  small  group  discussion  has  misconception 
             toward the implementation of small group discussion. However, if the small 
             group discussion is utilized well, it can be one of more effective techniques in 
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