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UNIT 5 ELECTROGRAVIMETRY AND Electrogravimetry and
Coulometry
COULOMETRY
Structure
5.1 Introduction
Objectives
5.2 Electrogravimetric Analysis
5.3 Polarisation
5.4 Types of Electrogravimetric Methods
Constant Current Electrolysis
Constant Potential Electrolysis
5.5 Coulometry
5.6 What is a Coulometer?
5.7 Types of Coulometric Methods
Controlled Potential Coulometry (Potential Coulometry)
Constant Current Coulometry (Amperostatic Coulometry)
5.8 Summary
5.9 Terminal Questions
5.10 Answers
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In Units 3 and 4, we have discussed potentiometry and conductometric methods. You
have seen in potentiometry measurements are performed under conditions of
essentially zero current. In this unit, we describe two important related
electroanalytical methods – electrogravimetry and coulometry. In the two techniques
which we are going to deal, electrolysis is carried out long enough to make sure that
the analyte is completely oxidised or reduced to a single product. In
electrogravimetry, the product is weighed as a deposit on one of the electrodes. In
coulometry, the quantity of electricity needed to complete the electrolysis is measured
as coulombs. Both the methods are quite sensitive, rapid and accurate.
Both these techniques differ from potentiometry in the sense that they require a
significant current (a required amount of current to initiate the electrode reaction)
throughout the process. However, in potentiometry measurements are performed
under conditions of essentially zero current. When there is a current in an
electrochemical cell, the cell potential is no longer the difference between the
electrode potentials of the cathode and the anode. The applied potential in an
electrolytical cell is usually greater than the theoretical potential and the phenomenon
of ohmic potential (IR drop) and polarisation will come into effect.
We shall describe the principle and instrumentation of electrogravimetry and later the
principle, methodology and applications of coulometry. The importance of these two
analytical techniques in quantitative analysis will be discussed.
Objectives
After going through this unit, you should be able to
· explain the principle of electrogravimetry,
· explain ohmic potential (IR drop) and polarisation and their significance in
electrodeposition,
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Electroanalytical · calculate the potential of a given cell to initiate deposition of a metal ion and
Methods-II calculate the residual concentration of the ion in solution before the
commencement of the deposition of the next ion,
· describe constant current and controlled potential electrogravimetry,
· explain the importance of controlled potential electrogravimetry in the
successive deposition of metal ions,
· describe coulometry and list the different types of coulometers,
· describe potentiostatic coulometry – its instrumentation and applications,
· describe amperostatic coulometry – coulometric titrations and its
instrumentation and applications,
· explain the methods of in situ and external generation of reagents in coulometric
titrations, and
· explain the advantages of coulometric titrations and its applications.
5.2 ELECTROGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Electrogravimetric analysis is more or less similar to conventional gravimetric
analysis. However in electrogravimetry the product is deposited quantitatively on an
electrode by an electrolytic reaction and the amount of the product is determined by
weighing the electrode before and after electrolysis. The material is deposited on an
electrode by the application of a potential instead of chemical precipitation from a
solution. Hence the name electrogravimetry (weighing of the product after
electrolysis).
Before learning the principle of this analysis, let us understand some important terms
used. From potentiometric studies, now we know what is a cell? Normally a cell
consists of two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. There are two types of cells – a
galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell. A galvanic or voltaic cell is a device which
converts chemical energy into electrical energy. The galvanic cell usually consists of
two electrolytic solutions in which two electrodes of different materials are dipped in
it. A Daniel cell is an example of a galvanic cell.
When the energy is supplied from an external source, the cell through which it flows is
known as electrolytic cell. Irrespective of whether the cell is galvanic or electrolytic,
we call the electrode where oxidation takes place as anode of the electrode, where
reduction takes place as cathode. In potentiometry, we have already learnt that a
cathode is assigned a positive sign and an anode a negative sign in a galvanic cell.
However, in an electrolytic cell, these electrodes acquire charges opposite to the
above. The capacity to do electrical work by a cell is called the cell potential and is
expressed in volt.
Consider a cell of the type where copper is deposited at the cathode and oxygen is
evolved at the anode.
2+
Cu | Cu || 2H+ , ½ O2 | Pt
2+ +
Cu + H O ⇌ Cu + ½ O (g) + 2H
2 2
++
Cathode Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu°
Anode HgO ⇌ 2H+ + ½ O + Cu°
2
++
Cu + HgO ⇌ 2H+ + ½ O + Cu°
2
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The potential of the electrochemical cell, (E ), is the difference between the electrode Electrogravimetry and
cell
potential of the cathode and the electrode potential of the anode. That is Coulometry
E = E – E
cell cathode anode
where E and E are the half cell potentials of the cathode and anode
cathode anode
respectively.
Consider the electrolytic cell shown in Fig. 5.1. A voltage E is applied to the cell
applied
in such a way that a current flows through the cell. When E > E , there will be
applied cell
a flow of current in the circuit. When there is a current, the potential of the cell is less
than the thermodynamic potential because one or one of the following phenomena are
operating: IR drop, concentration polarisation and kinetic(chemical) polarisation.
Fig. 5.1: An electrolytic cell
Ohmic Potential: IR Drop
Electrochemical cells, like metallic conductors, resist the flow of charge. In both
types of conduction, Ohm’s law describes the effect of this resistance. The product
of the resistance R of a cell in ohms and the current, I in amperes is called the ohmic
potential or the IR drop of the cell.
We know that when applied potention, E = E , no current flows through the
applied cell
cell. When you gradually increase the applied potential, a small current appears in the
circuit. This current through the cell encounters resistance R resulting in a potential
drop of –IR volts. In other words, the applied potential must be greater than the
theoretical cell potential by –IR volts. Thus, in the presence of a current, a cell
potential must be modified by the addition of the term –IR.
E = E – IR … (5.1)
applied cell
E = E – E – IR … (5.2)
applied cathode anode
where E and E = E are electrode potentials computed with the Nernst
cathode anode cell
equation.
The above equation can be rearranged to give
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Electroanalytical −E 1
Methods-II I = applied + (E −E )
R R cathode anode
… (5.3)
Ecell − Eapplied
I =
R
For small currents and brief periods of time, E and E remain relatively
cathode anode
constant during electrolysis. The cell behaviour can be represented by the reaction.
- Eapplied
I = +k … (5.4)
R
where, k is a constant.
Fig. 5.2: A plot of current vs. potential
As shown in Fig. 5.2, a plot of current as a function of applied potential in an
electrolytic cell should be a straight line with a slope equal to the negative reciprocal
of the resistance. The plot is indeed linear with small currents as in Fig.5.3a. As the
applied voltage increases, the current deviates significantly from linearity. Galvanic
cells also behave in a similar way (Fig.5.3b).
Fig. 5.3: Current/voltage curves for (a) an electrolytic and (b) a galvanic cell
Cells that exhibit non-linear relationship are said to be polarised and the degree of
polarisation is given by overvoltage or overpotential. Polarisation requires the
application of a potential greater than the theoretical value to give a current of the
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