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industrial waste resource guidelines soil sampling contents investigations and determining if a site is potentially contaminated introduction 1 australian standard 4482 2 guide to the sampling and investigation of potentially ...

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                  INDUSTRIAL WASTE RESOURCE GUIDELINES 
                   
                  SOIL SAMPLING  
                                            CONTENTS                                                 investigations and determining if a site is 
                                                                                                     potentially contaminated.  
                  INTRODUCTION.......................................................1           •   Australian Standard 4482.2, Guide to the sampling 
                                                                                                     and investigation of potentially contaminated soil 
                  SAMPLING GUIDELINES...........................................1                    Part 2: Volatile substances.  
                  CATEGORISING SOILS.............................................5               •   Industrial Waste Resource Guideline (IWRG) 
                                                                                                     Sampling and analysis of waters, wastewaters, soils 
                  ACCEPTANCE PROTOCOLS FOR RECEIPT OF                                                and wastes. Details the protocols that are required 
                    CATEGORY C OR B CONTAMINATED SOIL.............5                                  for soil sample collection, handling and storage. 
                  FURTHER INFORMATION........................................6                   •   IWRG Soil hazard categorisation and management. 
                                                                                                     Details how to categorise waste soils to determine 
                  APPENDIX 1: INFORMATION THAT THE SOIL                                              the appropriate management option.  
                    GENERATOR SHOULD PROVIDE TO THE RECEIVING                                    Where a site has any potentially contaminated soil, the 
                    FACILITY. NOTE: ALL NATA ANALYTICAL                                          soil must be assigned a hazard category of A, B, C or 
                    LABORATORY REPORTS ARE REQUIRED BY THE                                       clean fill prior to off-site reuse, or disposal, and this 
                    RECEIVING FACILITY...........................................7               sampling guide should be applied. 
                                                                                                 Soils are considered potentially contaminated if they: 
                  APPENDIX 2: WORKED EXAMPLE OF 95% UCL                                          •    have been mixed with any wastes 
                    AVERAGE (NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)....................8                           or 
                  APPENDIX 3: WORKED EXAMPLE OF 95% UCL                                          •    consist of, or partially consist of, soil of unknown 
                    AVERAGE FOR LOGNORMAL DATA.......................9                                origin that has been brought onto a site 
                  APPENDIX 4: VALUES OF STUDENTS T AT α = 0.05                                  or 
                    (THIS GIVES 95% UCL)...................................... 11                •    arise from sites where former uses include 
                  APPENDIX 5: VALUES OF H1-α = H0.95 FOR                                              industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural 
                    COMPUTING A ONE-SIDED UPPER 95%                                                   activities 
                    CONFIDENCE LIMIT ON A LOGNORMAL MEAN.... 12                                  or 
                                                                                                 •    have had manufactured chemicals applied. 
                                                                                                 EPA requires that any waste soils be managed in 
                  INTRODUCTION                                                                   accordance with the waste hierarchy of avoidance, 
                                                                                                 reuse, recycling, recovery of energy, treatment, 
                  This guideline provides information relating to the                            containment and disposal as set out in the 
                  most suitable patterns for sampling and the number of                          Environment Protection Act 1970. 
                  samples to be taken to ensure the appropriate hazard 
                  categorisation is applied to soils being moved off-site                        SAMPLING GUIDELINES 
                  for reuse, treatment or disposal. 
                  It also details the acceptance requirements for                                Preliminary site investigation 
                  disposal facilities receiving contaminated soils to                            Prior to categorising potentially contaminated soil for 
                  assist such facilities in meeting EPA licence                                  off-site reuse or disposal, as a minimum, a preliminary 
                  acceptance criteria.                                                           site investigation should be conducted in accordance 
                  The following related documents should be used in                              with Australian Standard 4482.1. The soils category 
                  conjunction with this document:                                                should be based on the outcome of the preliminary 
                  •   Australian Standard 4482.1, Guide to the sampling                          site investigation and any subsequent information that 
                      and investigation of potentially contaminated soil,                        is collected. 
                      Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds. 
                      For information on conducting preliminary site 
                                         This guidance forms part of the Industrial Waste Resource Guidelines, which offer guidance for wastes and resources 
                                     regulated under the Environment Protection (Industrial Waste Resource) Regulations 2009. Publication IWRG702 — June 2009. 
                                                                                                                                                                  1 
                        SOIL SAMPLING 
               For the purpose of categorising the soils, the site                        125 7 
                                                1             2
               should be divided into domains  or stockpiles                              150 8  
               representing similar material types (eg. fill, natural soil                175 9 
               or rock), similar contamination, and other site-specific 
               features as indicated by the site history (eg.                             200 10 
               underground storage tank areas). Note: a domain may                        >200 1:25 
               be defined as a layer of material at a specific depth, as                                        
               contamination will often vary with depth, as well as 
               surface location.                                                      Table 2: Minimum number of samples for stockpile  
                                                                                                 3
               How many samples to take                                                    200 m  or less (minimum of 3 then 1:25) 
                                                                                                      3                        ∗
               The preliminary site investigation should identify                         Soil volume, m          No. of samples  
               appropriate depth and corresponding soil volume, for                       25 or < 25                     3 
               soil to be categorised for off-site management using                       50 3 
               in-situ sampling (prior to disturbance).                                   75 3 
               Once domains and soil volume(s) have been identified,                      100 4 
               site assessors should refer to the guidance below to                       125 5 
               determine the minimum number of samples required.                          150 6 
               Figure 1 illustrates the minimum sampling rate for soils                   175 7 
               being removed from the site. 
                                                                                          200 8 
               Minimum sample numbers for soil volumes less than or                       >200 1:25 
               equal to 200m3 
                                                                                   
               The site assessor should take, at least, the number of             Minimum Sampling Numbers for Soil Volumes Greater 
               samples listed in Table 1 or Table 2 (depending on                 that 200m3
               volume) and, after analysing all samples, determine                            
               the hazard category by using the result of the highest             Option 1: Samples should be taken at 1 sample per 
               contaminant or leachable concentration. For example,                    3
                                                                                  25m . Soils can be categorised based on the highest 
               if the results of three samples indicate that the sample           sample result.  
               with the highest concentration is Category B                       Option 2: The sampling rate can be reduced subject to 
               contaminated soil (as defined in IWRG Soil Hazard                  a comparison of the 95%UCL           for the soil.  
               Categorisation and Management) then the entire                                                    average
               volume must be managed as Category B soil.                         The appropriate sampling rate when comparing the 
                                                                                  95%UCL          will vary depending on the homogeneity 
               Alternatively, the site manager may choose to                                average
                                                            3) based on           of the soil and should be assessed on a case-by-case 
               categorise the soil volume (less than 200m                         basis. Table 3 lists the minimum sampling rate for 
               the 95%UCL         3 provided that a sufficient amount 
                             average                                              volumes greater than 200m3.  
               of sample data is available.  
                                                                     3            Site assessors should note that these are minimum 
                Table 1: Minimum number of samples for in-situ 200m  or           sampling rates for calculation of the 95%UCL          and 
                less (minimum of 3 then 1:25 plus bulking factor of 33%)                                                          average
                                                                                  are best suited to homogenous soils. Where the site 
                                    3      No. of samples∗                        contamination is heterogeneous it may be necessary 
                       Soil volume, m
                       25 or < 25          3                                      to take a higher number of samples to enable the 
                                                                                  calculation of a 95%UCL         that more accurately 
                       50 3                                                                                 average
                                                                                  reflects contaminant levels.  
                       75 4 
                       100 5 
                                                                       
               1   Domain: is an area or layer of material on the site with same probable soil 
                 hazard category. 
               2   Stockpile: refers to soils that are ex-situ. Stockpiles need to be prepared 
                 from soils of like material. Where an existing stockpile consists of 
                 materials that are likely to differ in hazard category, they should be 
                 managed as individual stockpiles for the purpose of categorisation. 
               3   95% UCLaverage is the 95% upper confidence limit of the average 
                 concentration of the sampling results.                                                                                   
               ∗  Alternatively, a 95% UCLaverage can be used.                    ∗  Alternatively, a 95% UCLaverage can be used. 
               2     
                           SOIL SAMPLING 
                    Table 3: Minimum number of samples for soil volumes                       Each domain or stockpile should be categorised 
                                                   3                                          separately. 
                             greater than 200m  (1:25 or 95%UCL) 
                                                            Minimum No. of                    EPA accepts the use of ProUCL to categorise material. 
                       Soil volume,    No. of samples at                                      To calculate the 95%UCL               manually, see Appendix 
                         3                   3              samples                                                          average
                       m               1:25m                95%UCLaverage4                    2 and Appendix 3 for worked examples. 
                       300 12  10                                                             Non-detect samples need to be included in calculations 
                                                                                              of 95%UCL           . Historically, non-detect values have 
                       400 16  10                                                                           average
                                                                                              commonly been substituted with a value of half of the 
                       500 20  10                                                             detection limit of the laboratory apparatus. This may 
                       600 24  10                                                             be appropriate where the detection limit is 
                       700 28  10                                                             insignificant in comparison to the categorisation 
                       800 32  10                                                             threshold. However, where detection limits are similar 
                       900  36  10                                                            to the categorisation threshold (as may be the case for 
                                                                                              leachable criteria) assuming a value of half the 
                       1000 40  10                                                            detection limit may not be appropriate. For more 
                       1500 60  10                                                            information on handling non-detect values refer to the 
                       2000 80                              10                                ProUCL User’s Guide, which includes worked examples 
                                                                                              for using ProUCL to calculate 95%UCL                  with non-
                       2500 100                             10                                                                               average
                                                                                              detects.   
                       3000 120                             12 (1:250) 
                       4000 160                             16 (1:250)                        Sampling grid and depth of samples 
                       4500 180                             18 (1:250)                        A systematic grid-sampling pattern is recommended 
                       5000 200  20 (1:250)                                                   for both in-situ and stockpile sampling .  
                       >5000 1:25                           1:250                             For in-situ categorisation, the sampling depth should 
                                                                                              correspond to the depth of contamination and the grid 
                 Calculation of 95%UCL                                                        of sampling locations should be selected to be 
                                              average
                 The 95%UCL             demonstrates with 95% confidence                      representative of the site being sampled (as 
                                 average                                                      determined by the site preliminary investigation). This 
                 that the average contaminant concentration of the soil                       should be based on obtaining sufficient samples to 
                 represented by the data set is at or below the                               meet the sampling rates outlined above.  
                 concentration stated.  
                 EPA recommends a minimum of ten samples for                                  For stockpiles, a 3-dimensional systematic grid 
                 95%UCL            calculation. For large soil volumes (i.e.                  sampling design should be applied to account for 
                            average                                                           spatial variability. Surface sampling from the stockpile 
                 >2500m3) the minimum sampling rate should not be 
                                                    3.                                        will not be sufficient to categorise its contents and is 
                 less than 1 sample per 250m                                                  not appropriate where volatile contaminants are 
                 US EPA has software available called ProUCL that, at                         present. Sampling should be uniformly distributed 
                 the time of writing, was free to download from:                              throughout the stockpile, including sampling at depth.  
                 www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/tsc/download.htm                                        Figure 2 illustrates a three-dimensional systemic grid 
                 This software enables the user to calculate the                              sampling pattern.  
                 95%UCL            using various methods and to check 
                            average
                 data normality. The software also calculates 
                 confidence limits for non-normal or unknown 
                 distributions.  
                 Instructions to download are featured on this website 
                 and the ProUCL User's Guide is also avaliable free of 
                 charge.  
                 The 95%UCL             only needs to be calculated for 
                                 average
                 contaminants that exceed the relevant threshold in 
                 IWRG Soil Hazard categorisation and management. 
                                                                         
                 4   Minimum sampling rates specified in Table 3 are to provide a sufficient 
                    amount of data to calculate the 95%UCLaverage, and therefore the 
                    bulking factor is not included for in-situ soils (>200m3) categorised using a 
                    95%UCLaverage. For soil volumes >200m3, in-situ receivers of the soils 
                    should be aware that volumes delivered may be greater than the volume 
                    sampled in-situ. 
                                                                                                                                                               3
                               SOIL SAMPLING 
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                    
                               
                               
                               
                               
                                     Figure 1: Flow chart for determining the minimum sampling rate for soils being removed from site 
                   4      
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