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INDUSTRIAL WASTE RESOURCE GUIDELINES
SOIL SAMPLING
CONTENTS investigations and determining if a site is
potentially contaminated.
INTRODUCTION.......................................................1 • Australian Standard 4482.2, Guide to the sampling
and investigation of potentially contaminated soil
SAMPLING GUIDELINES...........................................1 Part 2: Volatile substances.
CATEGORISING SOILS.............................................5 • Industrial Waste Resource Guideline (IWRG)
Sampling and analysis of waters, wastewaters, soils
ACCEPTANCE PROTOCOLS FOR RECEIPT OF and wastes. Details the protocols that are required
CATEGORY C OR B CONTAMINATED SOIL.............5 for soil sample collection, handling and storage.
FURTHER INFORMATION........................................6 • IWRG Soil hazard categorisation and management.
Details how to categorise waste soils to determine
APPENDIX 1: INFORMATION THAT THE SOIL the appropriate management option.
GENERATOR SHOULD PROVIDE TO THE RECEIVING Where a site has any potentially contaminated soil, the
FACILITY. NOTE: ALL NATA ANALYTICAL soil must be assigned a hazard category of A, B, C or
LABORATORY REPORTS ARE REQUIRED BY THE clean fill prior to off-site reuse, or disposal, and this
RECEIVING FACILITY...........................................7 sampling guide should be applied.
Soils are considered potentially contaminated if they:
APPENDIX 2: WORKED EXAMPLE OF 95% UCL • have been mixed with any wastes
AVERAGE (NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)....................8 or
APPENDIX 3: WORKED EXAMPLE OF 95% UCL • consist of, or partially consist of, soil of unknown
AVERAGE FOR LOGNORMAL DATA.......................9 origin that has been brought onto a site
APPENDIX 4: VALUES OF STUDENTS T AT α = 0.05 or
(THIS GIVES 95% UCL)...................................... 11 • arise from sites where former uses include
APPENDIX 5: VALUES OF H1-α = H0.95 FOR industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural
COMPUTING A ONE-SIDED UPPER 95% activities
CONFIDENCE LIMIT ON A LOGNORMAL MEAN.... 12 or
• have had manufactured chemicals applied.
EPA requires that any waste soils be managed in
INTRODUCTION accordance with the waste hierarchy of avoidance,
reuse, recycling, recovery of energy, treatment,
This guideline provides information relating to the containment and disposal as set out in the
most suitable patterns for sampling and the number of Environment Protection Act 1970.
samples to be taken to ensure the appropriate hazard
categorisation is applied to soils being moved off-site SAMPLING GUIDELINES
for reuse, treatment or disposal.
It also details the acceptance requirements for Preliminary site investigation
disposal facilities receiving contaminated soils to Prior to categorising potentially contaminated soil for
assist such facilities in meeting EPA licence off-site reuse or disposal, as a minimum, a preliminary
acceptance criteria. site investigation should be conducted in accordance
The following related documents should be used in with Australian Standard 4482.1. The soils category
conjunction with this document: should be based on the outcome of the preliminary
• Australian Standard 4482.1, Guide to the sampling site investigation and any subsequent information that
and investigation of potentially contaminated soil, is collected.
Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
For information on conducting preliminary site
This guidance forms part of the Industrial Waste Resource Guidelines, which offer guidance for wastes and resources
regulated under the Environment Protection (Industrial Waste Resource) Regulations 2009. Publication IWRG702 — June 2009.
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SOIL SAMPLING
For the purpose of categorising the soils, the site 125 7
1 2
should be divided into domains or stockpiles 150 8
representing similar material types (eg. fill, natural soil 175 9
or rock), similar contamination, and other site-specific
features as indicated by the site history (eg. 200 10
underground storage tank areas). Note: a domain may >200 1:25
be defined as a layer of material at a specific depth, as
contamination will often vary with depth, as well as
surface location. Table 2: Minimum number of samples for stockpile
3
How many samples to take 200 m or less (minimum of 3 then 1:25)
3 ∗
The preliminary site investigation should identify Soil volume, m No. of samples
appropriate depth and corresponding soil volume, for 25 or < 25 3
soil to be categorised for off-site management using 50 3
in-situ sampling (prior to disturbance). 75 3
Once domains and soil volume(s) have been identified, 100 4
site assessors should refer to the guidance below to 125 5
determine the minimum number of samples required. 150 6
Figure 1 illustrates the minimum sampling rate for soils 175 7
being removed from the site.
200 8
Minimum sample numbers for soil volumes less than or >200 1:25
equal to 200m3
The site assessor should take, at least, the number of Minimum Sampling Numbers for Soil Volumes Greater
samples listed in Table 1 or Table 2 (depending on that 200m3
volume) and, after analysing all samples, determine
the hazard category by using the result of the highest Option 1: Samples should be taken at 1 sample per
contaminant or leachable concentration. For example, 3
25m . Soils can be categorised based on the highest
if the results of three samples indicate that the sample sample result.
with the highest concentration is Category B Option 2: The sampling rate can be reduced subject to
contaminated soil (as defined in IWRG Soil Hazard a comparison of the 95%UCL for the soil.
Categorisation and Management) then the entire average
volume must be managed as Category B soil. The appropriate sampling rate when comparing the
95%UCL will vary depending on the homogeneity
Alternatively, the site manager may choose to average
3) based on of the soil and should be assessed on a case-by-case
categorise the soil volume (less than 200m basis. Table 3 lists the minimum sampling rate for
the 95%UCL 3 provided that a sufficient amount
average volumes greater than 200m3.
of sample data is available.
3 Site assessors should note that these are minimum
Table 1: Minimum number of samples for in-situ 200m or sampling rates for calculation of the 95%UCL and
less (minimum of 3 then 1:25 plus bulking factor of 33%) average
are best suited to homogenous soils. Where the site
3 No. of samples∗ contamination is heterogeneous it may be necessary
Soil volume, m
25 or < 25 3 to take a higher number of samples to enable the
calculation of a 95%UCL that more accurately
50 3 average
reflects contaminant levels.
75 4
100 5
1 Domain: is an area or layer of material on the site with same probable soil
hazard category.
2 Stockpile: refers to soils that are ex-situ. Stockpiles need to be prepared
from soils of like material. Where an existing stockpile consists of
materials that are likely to differ in hazard category, they should be
managed as individual stockpiles for the purpose of categorisation.
3 95% UCLaverage is the 95% upper confidence limit of the average
concentration of the sampling results.
∗ Alternatively, a 95% UCLaverage can be used. ∗ Alternatively, a 95% UCLaverage can be used.
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SOIL SAMPLING
Table 3: Minimum number of samples for soil volumes Each domain or stockpile should be categorised
3 separately.
greater than 200m (1:25 or 95%UCL)
Minimum No. of EPA accepts the use of ProUCL to categorise material.
Soil volume, No. of samples at To calculate the 95%UCL manually, see Appendix
3 3 samples average
m 1:25m 95%UCLaverage4 2 and Appendix 3 for worked examples.
300 12 10 Non-detect samples need to be included in calculations
of 95%UCL . Historically, non-detect values have
400 16 10 average
commonly been substituted with a value of half of the
500 20 10 detection limit of the laboratory apparatus. This may
600 24 10 be appropriate where the detection limit is
700 28 10 insignificant in comparison to the categorisation
800 32 10 threshold. However, where detection limits are similar
900 36 10 to the categorisation threshold (as may be the case for
leachable criteria) assuming a value of half the
1000 40 10 detection limit may not be appropriate. For more
1500 60 10 information on handling non-detect values refer to the
2000 80 10 ProUCL User’s Guide, which includes worked examples
for using ProUCL to calculate 95%UCL with non-
2500 100 10 average
detects.
3000 120 12 (1:250)
4000 160 16 (1:250) Sampling grid and depth of samples
4500 180 18 (1:250) A systematic grid-sampling pattern is recommended
5000 200 20 (1:250) for both in-situ and stockpile sampling .
>5000 1:25 1:250 For in-situ categorisation, the sampling depth should
correspond to the depth of contamination and the grid
Calculation of 95%UCL of sampling locations should be selected to be
average
The 95%UCL demonstrates with 95% confidence representative of the site being sampled (as
average determined by the site preliminary investigation). This
that the average contaminant concentration of the soil should be based on obtaining sufficient samples to
represented by the data set is at or below the meet the sampling rates outlined above.
concentration stated.
EPA recommends a minimum of ten samples for For stockpiles, a 3-dimensional systematic grid
95%UCL calculation. For large soil volumes (i.e. sampling design should be applied to account for
average spatial variability. Surface sampling from the stockpile
>2500m3) the minimum sampling rate should not be
3. will not be sufficient to categorise its contents and is
less than 1 sample per 250m not appropriate where volatile contaminants are
US EPA has software available called ProUCL that, at present. Sampling should be uniformly distributed
the time of writing, was free to download from: throughout the stockpile, including sampling at depth.
www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/tsc/download.htm Figure 2 illustrates a three-dimensional systemic grid
This software enables the user to calculate the sampling pattern.
95%UCL using various methods and to check
average
data normality. The software also calculates
confidence limits for non-normal or unknown
distributions.
Instructions to download are featured on this website
and the ProUCL User's Guide is also avaliable free of
charge.
The 95%UCL only needs to be calculated for
average
contaminants that exceed the relevant threshold in
IWRG Soil Hazard categorisation and management.
4 Minimum sampling rates specified in Table 3 are to provide a sufficient
amount of data to calculate the 95%UCLaverage, and therefore the
bulking factor is not included for in-situ soils (>200m3) categorised using a
95%UCLaverage. For soil volumes >200m3, in-situ receivers of the soils
should be aware that volumes delivered may be greater than the volume
sampled in-situ.
3
SOIL SAMPLING
Figure 1: Flow chart for determining the minimum sampling rate for soils being removed from site
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