e-ISSN : 26203502 
                                      InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall  JJoouurrnalnal  oonn  InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    p-ISSN : 26153785 
                                                                                                TThhee L Leeadadiinngg  RRoollee o of f ththee P Peenncciill S Skkeetctchh i inn t thhee V Viissuualal  AArrttss 
                                                                                                                                                               Musayev Rustam Radjabovich 
                                                                                             Teeeaaaccchhheeer of r of r of ttthehehe   DDDeeepppaaartrtrtmmmeeentntnt of F of F of Fiiinenene   AAArtrtrtsss, , , FFFaaacccululultttyyy o o of Af Af Arrrttt   HHHiiissstttorororyyy, S, S, SaaammmSSSUUU 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                  Abstract 
                                                        PPeencnciill  iiss  tthehe  basbasiiss  ofof  alalll  ffiinnee  ararttss. . RReegargardldleessss  ofof  tthehe  ttyypepe  ofof  arartt  tthhee  ararttiisstt  ccrreeatateess, , iitt  iiss  basbaseedd  
                                                  on pencil drawing. 
                                                  Key words: vvviiisssualualual ar ar artttsss,,, pe pe pennnccciiilll dr dr drawiawiawing, paing, paing, paintntntiiingsngsngs,,, s s shapehapehape, pr, pr, proporoporoportttiiiooonsnsns, pr, pr, pracacactttiiicccalalal s s skkkiiillllllsss 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                              Introduction 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                  WWWiiittth h h ttthhheee   eeeaaarrrllliiieeesssttt   pppeeennnccciiilll   llliiinenenesss, , , ttthehehe   aaartrtrtiiisssttt   rerereflflfleeeccctttsss   hihihisss   obsobsobseeerrrvavavatttiiionsonsons   aaannnd d d ssstttudiudiudieeesss   on on on ttthehehe   cccomomomposposposiiitttiiiooonsnsns   
                                                  of large works. In the cccrerereaaatttiiiooon of n of n of wwwooorksrksrks of of of a a arrrttt,,, t t thehehessseee dra dra drawwwiiingngngsss s s seeerververve   aaasss a a a s s sooourcurcurceee o o of sf sf supportupportupport   fofoforrr t t thehehe   
                                                  aaartrtrtiiisssttt. . . TTThehehe   aaartrtrtiiisssttt   bebebegggiiinnnsss   ttto o o cccrerereaaattteee   hihihisss   papapaiiintntntiiing ng ng wwwiiittth h h aaa   pppeeennnccciiilll...   OOOnnnlllyyy   ttthhheeennn   wwwiiillllll   ttthhhiiisss   wwworkorkork   ofofof   aaartrtrt   gggiiiveveve   
                                                  tthehe vi vieewweer r aan an aeesstthheettiicc  plpleeaassureure t throuhrough tgh thehe  ccololor or sscchehemmee.. 
                                                  IIIn n n  otototheheher r r  wwwordordordsss, , ,  no no no  aaartrtrtiiisssttt    cccaaan n n  pepeperrrfefefecccttt    hihihisss    wwwooork rk rk  wwwiiittthouthouthout    pepepencncnciiilll    dradradrawwwiiinnnggg. . .  PPPeeencncnciiilll    dradradrawwwiiinnnggg    cccaaan n n  bbbeee    aaa   
                                                  wworkork of a of artrt, c, comomplpleetteed id inndedeppeendendentntllyy, a, ammonongg ot othheer r formformss of a of artrt..  
                                                  MMMaaannnyyy   papapaiiintntntiiingngngsss,,,   papapasssttteeelllsss, , , aaand nd nd pepepencncnciiilllsss   hhhaaaveveve   bbbeeeeeen n n eeexxxhihihibibibittteeed d d iiin n n vavavarrriiioooususus   aaarrrttt   mmmuuussseeeuuummmsss   aaannnd d d exhibitions 
                                                  aaarororound und und  ttthhheee    wwworlorlorld. d. d.  PPPaaaiiintntntiiingngng    iiisss    neneneccceeessssssaaarrryyy    notnotnot    onlonlonlyyy    fofofor r r  ttthehehe    fufufutttururureee    aaartrtrtiiisssttt, , ,  butbutbut    aaalllssso o o  for for for  pepepeoploplopleee    ofofof   
                                                  dididiffeffefferrreeentntnt   profprofprofeeessssssiiiooonananalll   sssphephepherereresss   iiinnn   ttthehehe   mmmaaatttttteeer r r of of of ttthehehe   cccooorrerrerrecccttt   iiimmmaaagggeee   of of of vivivisssiiion, on, on, pepeperrrccceeeptptptiiion on on of of of llliiifefefe, , , ttthehehe   
                                                  formformaattiion of haon of handsnds, c, coonsnscciiousousnenessss a and snd seennssee o orrggaans. 
                                                  VVVaaarrriiioooususus    fofoformrmrmsss    of of of  rerereaaallliiissstttiiiccc    dededepppiiiccctttiiion on on  of of of  pepepencncnciiilll    dradradrawwwiiingngng    llleeessssssonsonsons    notnotnot    onlonlonlyyy    proproprovivividedede    ssstttudeudeudentntntsss    wwwiiittthhh   
                                                  praprapraccctttiiicccaaalll    knoknoknowwwllleeedddgggeee    aaand nd nd  ssskikikillllllsss, , ,  butbutbut    aaalllssso o o  plplplaaayyy    aaan n n  iiimmmportportportaaantntnt    rolrolroleee    iiinnn    dededevevevelllopiopiopingngng    ttthhheeeiiirrr    oveoveoverrraaallllll   
                                                  worldview. 
                                                  ReReaalliissttiicc  vivissuauall  aartrtss  aallssoo  plplaayy  aann  iimmportportaantnt  rorollee  iinn  dedevevellopiopinngg  tthhee  sskikillllss  of of proprosspepeccttiiveve  eedducucaattoorsrs  
                                                  ttto o o  eeexxxpreprepressssss   ttthehehemmmssseeelllvevevesss   iiinnn   rerereaaallliiissstttiiiccc   iiimmmaaagegegesss. . .  IIIttt   iiisss   iiimmmportportportaaantntnt   ttto o o notnotnoteee   ttthahahattt    ttteeeaaaccchhhiiingngng   drdrdraaawwwiiinnnggg   notnotnot   onlonlonlyyy   
                                                  gggiiivevevesss   ssstttudeudeudentntntsss   aaa   rerereaaallliiissstttiiiccc   iiimmmaaagggeee   of of of ttthehehe   sssurroundiurroundiurroundinnng g g objobjobjeeeccctttsss, , , butbutbut   aaalllsssooo   dededevevevelllopsopsops   tttheheheiiir r r aaaeeesssttthehehetttiiiccc   tttaaasssttteee...   
                                                  Learnirnirninnnggg   ttthehehe   bbbaaasssiiicccsss   of of of dddrrraaawwwiiing ng ng iiisss   bababassseeed d d on on on ttthhheee   pripriprincncnciiiplplpleee   of of of dededessscccririribibibinnnggg   aaannn   ooobjbjbjeeecccttt   iiin n n aaa   mmmeeettthodihodihodicccaaalll   
                                                  ssseeequequequennnccceee...           MMMosososttt    of of of  aaallllll, , ,        notnotnot       onlonlonlyyy       aaa      gggood ood ood  eeeddducucucaaatttiiiooon n n  iiisss    rerereqqquiuiuirrreeeddd, , ,                 butbutbut       aaalllssso o o    hihihisss     vivivigigigilllaaancncnceee         aaandndnd   
                                                  determination. 
                                                  PPeencnciill  dradrawwiinngg  iiss  tthehe  fifirsrstt  sstteep p iin n tteeaacchihingng  yyounoungg  aartrtiissttss tto o mmaasstteer r tthehe a artrt  of of dedeppiiccttiingng  ccrreeaatturureess  iin n 
                                                  rerereaaallliiissstttiiiccc   dededepppiiiccctttiiiooonsnsns. . . IIIn n n ororordedederrr   ttto o o dededepipipicccttt   ttthehehe   orioriorigggiiinananalll   ssshahahapepepe   of of of objobjobjeeeccctttsss   on on on aaa   sssheheheeeettt   of of of papapapepeperrr   wwwiiittthhh   gggrerereaaattt   
                                                  ssskikikillllll a a annnd ad ad accccccurururaaacccyyy, i, i, ittt i i isss n n neeeccceeessssssaaarrryyy t t to mo mo maaasssttteeer tr tr thhheee a a artrtrt of dra of dra of drawwwiiinnnggg   aaand and and applpplpplyyy i i ittt i i in pran pran praccctttiiiccceee   - to learn to 
                                                  draw bababassseeeddd    on on on  nananatttureureure,,,    aaasss    wwweeellllll    aaasss    mmmeeemmmorororyyy    aaand nd nd  iiimmmaaagggiiinananatttiiiooon. n. n.  OOOfff    cccoursoursourseee,,,    iiinnn    ordordordeeer r r  ttto o o  aaaccccccomomomplplpliiissshhh   
                                                  sssucucuch h h  cccrrreeeaaatttiiiveveve    tttaaasssksksks, , ,  iiittt    iiisss    iiimmmportportportaaantntnt    ttto o o  bebebe    aaabbbllleee    ttto o o  bebebe    aaan n n  aaarrrtttiiisssttt    aaannnd d d  ccconsonsonstttaaannntttlllyyy    aaand nd nd  iiindendendepepepennndddeeentntntlllyyy   
                                                  work on yourself.        
                                                  Main part 
                                                  TThehe m maaiin tn taassk of k of ppeencnciill d drarawwiinngg i iss t too formform t thhee  knoknowwlleedgedge  aand snd skikillllss t thahatt  yyooungung p peeoploplee a accquiquirere  aass  
                                                  aaa   rereresssulululttt   ofofof   ssstttudududyyyiiinnnggg   ttthehehe   vvviiisssuauaualll   aaartrtrtsss...   TTThhhiiisss   rererequiquiquirereresss   ttthehehe   ssstttuuudededennnttt   ttto o o knowknowknow   ttthehehe   dddeeessscccriririptptptiiion on on rulrulruleeesss   aaand nd nd bebebe   
                                                  able to use them correctly. 
                                                  LLeeaarnrniinngg   tto o  drdraaww   iiss   aassssocociiaatteed d  wwiitthh   tthehe   ssololuuttiion on  of of  tthehe   fofollllowowiinngg   iintnteerrerrellaatteed d  ttaassksks::   sseellff-
                                                  undeundeundersrsrstttaaandindindinnnggg, , ,  obsobsobseeervarvarvatttiiion, on, on,  cccomomompapapariririsssononon    of of of  objobjobjeeeccctttsss,,,    ssshahahapppeee, , ,  cccooolllooor,r,r,    mmmaaattteeerrriiiaaalll    propepropeproperrrtttiiieeesss    ofofof    objobjobjeeeccctttsss, , , 
                                                  dididiffeffefferrreeentntntiiiaaatttiiion, on, on,  aaand nd nd  ssso o o  on. on. on.  DDDrararawwwiiinnnggg    llleeessssssonsonsons    ssshoulhoulhould d d  ttteeeaaaccchhh    yyyou ou ou  ttto o o  papapayyy    aaatttttteeentntntiiion on on  ttto o o  dededetttaaaiiilllsss,,,    aaandndnd   
                                                  aaccccururaatteellyy a ananallyyzzee t thehe  sshhaapepe of  of obobjects. 
                                                  MMMaaasssttteeeriririnnnggg   ttthhheee ba ba basssiiicccsss, , , ttteeeccchhhnininiquequequesss   aaand nd nd ssskikikillllllsss   of of of rerereaaallliiissstttiiiccc   dradradrawwwiiingngng   ttteeeaaaccchhheeesss   yyyououou   ttto o o knowknowknow t t thehehe   ssseeeqqqueueuencncnceee   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Volume 4, Issue 77, J, Juullyy 2021 |   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1
                                                   
                                                     
                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                e-ISSN : 26203502 
                                       InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall  JJoouurrnalnal  oonn  InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               p-ISSN : 26153785 
                                                    iin tn thehe i immaaggee  aannd bed be  aablblee t too us usee  vavaririousous m maatteeririaallss.. 
                                                    OOOn n n tttheheheoreoreoretttiiicccaaalll   aaand nd nd praprapraccctttiiicccaaalll   tttrararaiiininininnnggg, , , ttthehehe   fufufutttureureure   ssspppeeeccciiiaaallliiisssttt   wwwiiillllll   rerereccceeeiiiveveve know know knowllleeedgedgedge   aaannnd d d ssskikikilllls, learn 
                                                    tto wo work work wiitthh di diffefferreentnt pe pensns a andnd 
                                                     TTThehehe m m mosososttt i i immmportportportaaantntnt t t thihihingngng i i isss t t thahahattt t t theheheyyy de de devvveeelllop top top thhheeeiiir ar ar abbbiiillliiitttiiieeesss a a annnd usd usd useee t t thehehemmm e e effffffeeeccctttiiivevevelllyyy i i in pran pran praccctttiiiccceee... 
                                                    VVViiisssuauaualll    mmmeeemmmorororyyy   iiisss   onononeee   ofofof   ttthehehe   mmmosososttt   vavavallluauauablblbleee   aaand nd nd  cccheheheriririssshhheeed d d tttrrraaaiiitttsss    of of of  aaa    yyyounounounggg    aaartrtrtiiisssttt. . .  HHHeee    rrreeetttaaaiiinsnsns    iiin n n 
                                                    his memory aa  cclleeaar r aannd d ggeenneerraall  iidedeaa  of of tthehe  sshahapepe,,  proportproportiionsons  aand nd ssttrucructtureure  of of tthhee  objobjeecctt  iin n tthehe  
                                                    image. 
                                                    TTThihihisss   mmmaaakekekesss   iiittt   pospospossssiiibbbllleee   tttooo   dradradrawww   aaa   fififiggguuurerere   """fromfromfrom   mmmeeemmmorororyyy""",,,   """iiimmmaaagggiiinananatttiiion on on aaand nd nd pepeperrrccceeeptptptiiiononon"""   aaand nd nd formformformsss   
                                                    tthehe a arrttiisstt''ss s skikillllss i in furtn furtheher cr crereaattiivivittyy t to co crreeaattee i indndeepependendenntt a artrtiissttiicc  ccomomposposiittiioonsns.. 
                                                    AAAsss   aaa   rereresssulululttt   of of of ccconsonsonstttaaantntnt   eeexexexercrcrciiissseeesss   iiin n n dradradrawwwiiingngng   fromfromfrom   llliiifefefe, , , ttthehehe   aaabibibillliiitttyyy   ttto o o mmmeeemmmorioriorizzzeee   mmmaaattteeerrriiiaaalll   dededevevevelllopsopsops...   
                                                    SSSucucuch h h  eeexxxeeerrrccciiissseeesss    aaarrreee    iiincncncrereredididiblblblyyy    iiimmmportportportaaantntnt, , ,  eeessspepepeccciiiaaallllllyyy    for for for  yyyounounounggg    pepepeoploplopleee    wwwho ho ho  aaarerere    jjjusususttt    ssstttaaarrrtttiiingngng    ttto o o 
                                                    papaiintnt. . SSucuch h ccllaasssseess  plplaayy  aa  kekeyy  rolrolee  iin n dedepipiccttiinngg  tthehe  sshahappee, , ssttrucructtuurere, , propproportortiionsons  aand nd tthehe  humhumaan n 
                                                    bodbodbodyyy, , ,  aaasss    wwweeellllll    aaasss    iiinnn    ttthhheee    fffurturturtheheher r r  cccooonsnsnsolololiiidddaaatttiiiooon n n  of of of  kkknownownowllleeedgedgedge    aaandndnd    ssskikikillllllsss    iiin n n  plplplaaassstttiiiccc    aaannnaaatttomomomyyy    iiin n n  ttthhheee   
                                                    memory.       
                                                    TTTo o o  aaaccchhhiiieeevvveee    ttthihihisss    gggoooaaalll, , ,  aaalllongongong    wwwiiittthhh    aaacccaaadddeeemmmiiiccc    dradradrawwwiiingngng, , ,  iiittt    iiisss    eeennnvivivisssaaagegeged d d  tttooo    cccaaarrrrrryyy    outoutout    ssshorthorthort-term 
                                                    skekeketttccchhheeesss    aaandndnd    dradradraftftftsss. . .  IIIn n n  sssucucuch h h  aaaccctttiiivivivitttiiieeesss, , ,  wwwhihihiccchhh    ssstttrrreeennngggttthhheeen n n  vivivisssuauaualll    mmmeeemmmorororyyy, , ,  ttthehehe    mmmosososttt    bababasssiiiccc    papapartrtrt    iiisss   
                                                    fififirsrsrsttt    rereremmmeeemmmbebebererered, d, d,  aaand nd nd  ttthhheee    ssseeecccooondandandarrryyy    papapartrtrtsss    of of of  ttthehehe    fififigggureureuresss    aaarrreee    ssstttudiudiudieeeddd    fromfromfrom    ttthehehe    poipoipointntnt    of of of  vivivieeewww    ofofof   
                                                    formform. . TThehe  mmaaiin n ggoaoall  iinn  tthihiss  iiss  tto o reremmeemmbeber r tthehe  ooveverarallll  sshahapepe. . AAllssoo, , duridurinngg  ccllaasssseess, , tthehe  lleevevell  ooff  
                                                    mmmeeemmmorioriorizzzaaatttiiion on on  eeexxxpapapannndsdsds    aaand nd nd  dededeeeepepepensnsns:::    ssseeecccooondndndaaarrryyy    papapartrtrtsss    aaand nd nd  frafrafragggmmmeeentntntsss    rereremmmaaaiiin n n  iiin n n  ttthehehe    mmmeeemmmorororyyy...   
                                                    Drawings and short-ttteeermrmrm   dradradrawwwiiinnngggsss   dddeeevvveeelllop op op  aaand nd nd  eeeducducducaaattteee    ttthehehe    rerereaaadededer'r'r'sss    aaabibibillliiitttyyy    tttooo    tttrulrulrulyyy    -  fully  see 
                                                    nature. TThhee  pproroportportiionsons  aand nd lliineneaar r ssttrucructtururee oof f tthhee  sshahapepe, , aass  wweellll  aass  tthehe  ssiizzee  of of tthehe  bbaarr,,  rerequiquirree  
                                                    ssskikikillllll    aaannnd d d praprapraccctttiiicccaaalll   ssskkkiiillllllsss    iiinnn   ttthehehe   procprocproceeessssss   ooof f f wwworkiorkiorkinnnggg   on on on ttthehehe   wwwholholholeee   pipipiccctttururureee   aaattt   ttthehehe   sssaaammmeee   tttiiimmmeee. . . FFFromromrom   
                                                    sssiiimmmpppllleee    ssstttiiillllll    llliiifffeeesss    ttto o o  cccomomomplplpleeexxx    ssshahahapppeeesss, , ,  ttthihihisss    pripriprincncnciiiplplpleee    iiisss    eeemmmphphphaaasssiiizzzeeeddd    iiinnn    ttthehehe    ccclllaaassssssrororoomomom...    TTThehehe    ssstttudududeeentntnt   
                                                    should holholhold d d ttthehehe   pepepennn   frfrfromomom   ttthhheee   eeendndnd   ttto o o ttthehehe   ssshahaharprprpeeennneeeddd   eeennnd d d ononon   ttthhheee   opposopposopposiiittteee   sssiiidddeee   aaand nd nd gegegentntntlllyyy   ssstttrokerokeroke   ttthhheee   
                                                    papapapepeperrr   on on on ttthehehe   papapapepeper. r. r. TTThihihisss   aaallllllowowowsss   ttthehehe   papapapppeeer r r ttto o o mmmoveoveove   aaattt   aaannnyyy   aaangngngllleee   on on on ttthehehe   sssurururfafafaccceee   of of of ttthehehe   pppaaapppeeer. r. r. TTThhheee   
                                                    dedessiireredd c cololor ior iss a acchihieevevedd  bbyy dr draawwiinngg t thehe ba barcrcodeodess  iin en equaquall i inntteerrvavallss.. 
                                                    IIInnn    mmmosososttt    sssiiitttuauauatttiiionsonsons, , ,  ttthehehe    ssstttudeudeudentntnt    wwworksorksorks    iiin n n  aaa    vavavariririeeetttyyy    ooof f f  wwwaaayyysss,,,    fofofocccusususiiinnng g g  on on on  ttthehehe    cccomomomponeponeponennntttsss    rararattthhheeerrr   
                                                    ttthahahan n n  ttthehehe    wwwhhholololeee    ssstttrucrucructttureureure, , ,  aaannnd d d  ssstttrugrugruggggllliiinnnggg    ttto o o  aaacccknoknoknowwwllleeedgedgedge    ttthehehe    cccooorerere   of of of  eeeaaaccchhh    eeellleeemmmeeentntnt. . .  TTThehehe   jjjooob b b  wwwiiillllll   
                                                    bebe  ssucuccceessssfulful  onlonlyy  iif f tthehe  ssttudeudentnt  ccaan n vivieeww  tthhee  eentntiirere  iimmaagege  aand nd dedessccriribbee  iitt  ususiinngg  oneone  of of tthehe  mmaaiin n 
                                                    pripriprincncnciiiplplpleeesss         of of of    aaa      rerereaaallliiissstttiiiccc      iiimmmaaagggeee,,,          aaasss      wwweeellllll       aaasss      ttthhheee       cccoooncncnceeepppttt           """fffrororommm    gegegenenenerrraaalll                papaparrrtttsss      tttooo      papaparrrtttsss"""       iiin n n    aaa   
                                                    methodologic  manner.  ConsConsConstttaaantntntlllyyy    dradradrawwwiiing ng ng  papapartrtrtsss    tttogogogeeettthhheeerrr    iiinnn    aaa    cccomomommmmooon n n  bodbodbodyyy    aaallllllowowowsss    yyyou ou ou  tttooo   
                                                    mmaaninipulpulaattee e eaacch ph paartrt of t of thehe i immaagege  aatt t thehe s saammee  ttiime.  
                                                    Comments on the pencciill s skekettcchh: 
                                                    Sharl Lebren said:  
                                                    “TTThehehe   pepepennnccciiilll    iiisss    aaalllwwwaaayyysss    aaa    polpolpoleee    aaannnd d d  aaa    cccooommmpppaaassssss    ttthhhaaattt    ggguiuiuidededesss    ususus    aaand nd nd  iiisss    aaa    llliiifefefesssaaavevever r r  for for for  ttthoshoshoseee    wwwhhho o o  aaarerere   
                                                    drowdrownniinngg i in n aan ocn oceeaann of  of didiffefferreentnt  ccololorsors..” 
                                                    Engr said:  
                                                    ""II  tteeaacch h ccaalllliigragraphphyy  ttoo  tthehe s sttuudedennttss  wwhho o ccomomee  heherere, , aand nd wwhehenn  tthheeyy  lleeaavvee, , ttheheyy  bebeccomomee  mmaasstteersrs  of of 
                                                    painting." 
                                                    Karuchchi 
                                                    “““TTThehehererere   iiisss   oneoneone   ttthhhiiingngng   ttthahahattt   iiisss   ttthehehe   bababasssiiisss   of of of aaallllll   aaartrtrt, , , aaand nd nd ttthahahattt   iiisss   papapaiiintntntiiinnnggg. . . AAAnynynyooonenene   wwwho ho ho mmmaaasssttteeerrrsss   ttthehehe   aaartrtrt   ofofof   
                                                    pepencnciill c caan mn maasstteer botr both pah paiintntiingng a and snd sccululptptureure..  ”” 
                                                     V.E. Makovskiy : 
                                                      “Painting thaaattt i i isss not not not ba ba bassseeed on ped on ped on pennnccciiilll dra dra drawwwiiingngng i i isss n n nototot a a artrtrt, but, but, but a a a c c chhhaaaotototiiiccc   cccolololllleeeccctttiiion of con of con of cooolllooorerered sd sd spotpotpotsss... 
                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Volume 4, Issue 77, J, Juullyy 2021 |   
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                                                                                                                                                                          e-ISSN : 26203502 
                     InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall  JJoouurrnalnal  oonn  InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon 
                                                                                                                                                                          p-ISSN : 26153785 
                            References 
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