CHAPTER II 
                                     THEORETICAL REVIEW 
                       
                 A. Definition of Method 
                       According to Setiyadi (2006), method should come after approach because 
                 the plan of language teaching should be developed from theories on the nature of 
                 language and language learning. Method may mean different things to different 
                 people. According to Anthony, method is the plan of language teaching which is 
                 consistent  with  the  theories,  and  techniques  carry  out  a  method.  For  some,  it 
                 means  a  set  of  teaching  procedures;  for  others,  the  avoidance  of  teaching 
                 procedures. It is the primary of a language skill; for others, it is the type and 
                 amount  of  vocabulary  and  structure.  Different  meanings  of  method  can  be 
                 concluded from the names of the methods. The term „‟method‟‟ in the Direct 
                 Method  may  refer  to  a  single  aspect  of  language  teaching:  presentation  of 
                 material. “Method” in the Reading Method refers to the emphasis of a single 
                 language  skill:  reading,  while  in  the  Grammar  Translation  Method  “method” 
                 refers to the emphasis of the teaching materials. 
                       Meanwhile,  Brown  (1994)  defined  method  is  generalized  set  of 
                 specification in the classroom for achieving linguistic purposes. Methods main 
                 concern is to teachers and learners‟ roles and behavior. Besides, the concern of 
                 method is to linguistic and subject matter objectives, sequencing, and materials. 
                       In addition, Nana Sudjana (2005: 76) stated that method is the way that 
                 teachers use in establishing relationships with students at the time of teaching. 
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                   According to M. Sobri Sutikno (2009: 88), method is a way of presenting 
               the  lesson  material  done  by  the  teacher  to  happen  the  learning  process  in  the 
               students themselves in an effort to achieve the goal. 
                   From the definition above, it can be concluded that method is a way or 
               strategy applied by a teacher so that the learning process can be accepted easily by 
               students in order to achieve the learning objectives. 
                
               B. Types of Teaching Methods  
                   According to Richards and Rodgers (1986), there are some methods in 
               Language  Teaching,  those  are;  Grammar  Translation  Method  (GTM),  Direct 
               Method  (DM),  Audio-Lingual  Method  (ALM),  Communicative  Language 
               Teaching  (CLT),  Total  Physical  Response  (TPR),  Silent  Way  (SW),  and 
               Community Language Learning (CLL). 
               1. Grammar Translation Method (GTM) 
               a. Definition  
                   Grammar Translation Method is known as the oldest method in Language 
               Teaching. “It dominated European and foreign language teaching from the 1840s 
               to the 1940s, and in modified form it continues to be widely used in some parts of 
               the world today” (Richards and Rodgers, 1986). 
                   According to Richards and Rodgers (1986), Grammar Translation Method 
               (GTM)  is  a  foreign  language  teaching  method  derived  from  the  classical 
               (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. The method 
               demanded students to translate whole texts word for word and memorize some 
                                         
                
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               grammatical  rules  and  exceptions  as  well  as  many  vocabulary  lists.  A  basis 
               purpose of teaching the target language through Grammar Translation Method is 
               to be able to read literature written in the target language. Principally, the GTM 
               focuses on translating grammatical forms, memorizing vocabulary, learning rules, 
               and studying conjugations.  
               b. The Principles of Grammar Translation Method (GTM) 
                   A basic purpose of teaching the target language through the GTM is to be 
               able to read literature written in the target language. This purpose can be reached 
               by learning about the grammar rules and vocabulary of the target language.  
                   Meanwhile, according to Richards and Rodgers (1986), there are some 
               principles of Grammar Translation Method, as follow: 
               1) The aim of foreign language study is to learn a language in order to read its 
                 literature  or  to  get  benefit  from  the  mental  discipline  and  intellectual 
                 development that result from foreign-language study. Grammar translation is a 
                 way of studying a language that approaches the language first through detailed 
                 analysis of its grammar rules, followed by application of this knowledge to the 
                 task of translating sentences and texts into and out of the target language. In 
                 consequence, this method sees language learning as consisting of little more 
                 than  memorizing rules and facts in order to understand and manipulate the 
                 morphology and syntax of the foreign language. 
               2) Accuracy  is  emphasized.  Students  are  expected  to  reach  high  standards  in 
                 translation, because of "the high priority attached to meticulous standards of 
                 accuracy which, as well as having an intrinsic moral value, was a requirement 
                                         
                
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                 for passing the increasing number of formal written examinations that grew up 
                 during the century. 
               3) Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words. 
               4) Grammar provides the rules for putting words together, and instruction often 
                 focuses on the form and inflection of words 
               c.  The Characteristics of Grammar Translation Method (GTM) 
                   The GTM ignores authentic spoken communication and social contexts of 
               the language. It was also hoped that, through the study of the grammar of the 
               target language, students would become familiar with the grammar of their native 
               language (Freeman, 2000). 
                   According  to  Prator  and  Murcia  in  Setiyadi  (2006),  there  are  some 
               characteristics of Grammar Translation Method, as follows: (1) Classes are taught 
               in  the  mother  tongue,  with  little  active  use  of  the  target  language,  (2)  Long 
               elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given, (3) Reading of 
               difficult classical texts is begun early, (4) Little attention is given to the content of 
               texts, which are assumed as exercises in grammatical analysis, (5) Often the only 
               drills are exercises in translating disconnected sentences from the target language 
               into the mother tongue, (6) Little or no attention is given to pronunciation, (7) The 
               focus is  on  accuracy,  and  not  fluency,  (8)  Grammar  is  taught  deductively,  by 
               presenting and studying of grammatical rules, which are then practiced through 
               translation exercises, (9) Vocabulary selection is based only on the reading texts 
               used,  and  words  are  taught  through  bilingual  word  lists,  dictionary  study,  and 
               memorization. 
                                         
                
                                         A Study On EFL..., Agustin Dwi Aryanti, FKIP UMP, 2018