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Report
Cardiovascular Responses to
Research Repetitive McKenzie Lumbar Spine
Exercises
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIBackground and Purpose. Repetitive exercises of the type recom-
mended by McKenzie for the lumbar spine, such as flexion and
extension exercises in standing (FIS and EIS) and lying positions (FIL
andEIL),havebeenusedinthemanagementoflowbackpainforover
20 years. The cardiovascular effects of exercises that involve postural
stabilization and the arms and of exercises performed in a lying
position are well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
examinethecardiovascular effects of 4 exercises used in the McKenzie
system. Subjects and Methods. One hundred subjects without cardio-
vascular or cardiopulmonary disease (mean age531 years, SD56.1,
range522–44) and who were representative of people susceptible to
low back pain were studied. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4
exercise groups (ie, FIS, EIS, FIL, and EIL). Subjects performed sets of
10, 15, and 20 repetitions of the assigned exercise, with a 15-minute
rest between sets. Heart rate, blood pressure, and rate-pressure prod-
uct(anindexofmyocardialwork)wererecordedbeforeandaftereach
set of repetitions. Results. After 10 repetitions, flexion and extension in
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlying were more hemodynamically demanding than in standing. This
trend persisted for 15 and 20 repetitions; however, at 20 repetitions,
the hemodynamic demands were different across exercise groups
(ie, FIL.EIL.FIS.EIS). Discussion and Conclusion. Repetitive exer-
cises of the type suggested by McKenzie for the lumbar spine can have
cardiovascular effects in people with no cardiovascular or cardio-
pulmonary conditions. These effects may be important with respect to
cardiac work, and patients for whom these exercises are indicated
should have a cardiac and pulmonary risk factor assessment to deter-
mine whether heart rate and blood pressure should be monitored.
[Al-Obaidi S, Anthony J, Dean E, Al-Shuwai N. Cardiovascular
responses to repetitive McKenzie lumbar spine exercises. Phys Ther.
2001;81:1524–1533.]
KeyWords: Bloodpressure,Cardiovascularresponses,Extensioninlying,Extensioninstanding,Flexion
in lying, Flexion in standing, Heart rate, Low back pain, McKenzie lumbar spine exercises,
Rate-pressure product, Repetitions.
Saud Al-Obaidi, Joseph Anthony, Elizabeth Dean, Nadia Al-Shuwai
1524 Physical Therapy . Volume 81 . Number 9 . September 2001
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I
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or 2 decades, lumbar spine exercises advocated or “centralization of symptoms,” to McKenzie exercises,
by McKenzie for low back pain have been used aclinician mayinstructthepatienttodomorethan10to
for the management of patients with spinal dis- 15 repetitions of a specific McKenzie exercise. Some
1–4
Forders. These exercises are used to classify patients with acute or chronic low back pain will show a
patients as having 1 of 3 syndromes (postural, dysfunc- favorable response; however, other patients may require
tion, and derangement syndromes) and to guide treat- more repetitions. For example, to document the imme-
4
ment. These exercises include repeated flexion and diate responses of symptoms to the performance of the
7
extension movements performed in different body posi- McKenzie exercises, Donelson and colleagues reported
tions as part of a routine lumbar spinal assessment and using 4 sets of 10 repetitions of lumbar flexion and
4,5
exercise program. Although 10 to 15 repetitions are extension with 30 to 60 seconds between sets. With the
6
recommended by McKenzie, the cardiovascular effects introduction of the end-range passive exercise table, a
of this number of repetitions have not been studied. clinician is able to apply repeated cycles of progressive
6
Because of this omission, we believe clinicians might lumbar end-range exercise in the lying position. Based
assumethattheseexercises constitute a safe submaximal on the McKenzie approach, a patient performing 10 or
load with no consequential cardiovascular effects, even 15 repetitions every 2 hours in a home program implies
when repeated several times a day as recommended for that end-range exercise will be attained 80 to 100 times
4
a home program. a day. Although 10 to 15 repetitions are recommended
for a home program based on the McKenzie approach,
TheinitialMcKenziespinalassessmentinvolvessetsof10 some patients, believing “more is better,” may perform
to 15 repetitions of spinal loading exercises performed more than the prescribed number of repetitions. The
1,3,4
in different positions. Toobtain favorable responses,
S Al-Obaidi, PT, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait, 90805
(alobaidi@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw). Address all correspondence to Dr Al-Obaidi.
J Anthony, PT, is Instructor, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, and Physical Therapist, St. Paul’s Hospital,
Vancouver,Canada.HewasPhysicalTherapist,Cardiovascular/CardiorespiratoryTeam,KuwaitDalhousieProject,Kuwait,atthetimeofthisstudy.
E Dean, PT, PhD, is Professor, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, T325-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 2B5. Dr Dean was Senior, Cardiovascular/Cardiorespiratory Team, Kuwait Dalhousie Project, at the time of this study.
NAl-Shuwai, PT, is Clinical Instructor, Department of Physical Therapy, Kuwait University.
Dr Al-Obaidi provided concept/research design, and Dr Dean provided consultation on research design. Dr Al-Obaidi and Dr Dean provided
writing and consultation (including review of manuscript before submission). Dr. Anthony also provided writing. Dr Al-Obaidi and Mrs Al-Shuwai
provided data collection, subjects, and facilities/equipment. Dr Al-Obaidi provided data analysis, and Dr Dean provided consultation on data
analysis. Dr Al-Obaidi provided project management. Dr Dean and Mrs Al-Shuwai provided clerical support. The authors acknowledge the
statistical support of Dr Mohammed Al-Mahmeed, Associate Professor, Department of Quantitative Methods and Information Systems, Kuwait
University, and Dr Jon Money, Statistician, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia.
This study was approved by the Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Nursing, Kuwait University.
This article was submitted September 30, 1999, and was accepted March 29, 2001.
Physical Therapy . Volume 81 . Number 9 . September 2001 Al-Obaidi et al . 1525
numberofrepetitionsandthetypeofexercisecanaffect Lumbar spinal flexion and extension involve upper-
8
the overall physiologic demand of exercise. extremity work using both concentric and eccentric
contractions. Eccentric muscle contractions are associ-
Some risk factors for back pain are similar to those ated with less oxygen demand (and, therefore, less
associated with cardiovascular disease (eg, lack of phys- cardiovascular stress) than exercises with concentric
9–13 38
ical conditioning, obesity, smoking). Several muscle contractions. These distinctions could become
11,14–17
authors have reported a high incidence of chest important when patients with low back pain and with
pain on exertion, breathlessness, coughing, and high symptomatic or asymptomatic cardiovascular disease
blood pressure (BP) in patients with back pain. This perform McKenzie-type exercises.
evidence suggests that clinicians working with patients
whohavelowbackpainneedtoconsider that there can To our knowledge, there are no studies of the cardio-
be an increased risk of an adverse cardiovascular vascular effects of repetitive McKenzie exercises. The
response. aim of our study, therefore, was to examine the cardio-
vascular effects of 4 common McKenzie exercises—
The McKenzie exercises involve muscle co-contraction lumbar spinal flexion and extension in standing and
to stabilize the trunk and arm exercise, both of which are lying—when these exercises are repeated 10, 15, and 20
associated with disproportionate cardiovascular demand times. We hypothesized that repetitive McKenzie exer-
18–20
to a given load compared with leg work. Patients cises of the lumbar spine would produce marked
with cardiac conditions or high BP are routinely cau- changes in the work of the heart and that these effects
tioned about exercises requiring isometric muscle con- increase with multiple repetitions.
21–23
tractions and arm work, because these exercises are
associated with increased cardiovascular stress as mani- Method
fested by increased work of the heart, which is reflected
by increased heart rate (HR) and BP for a given sub- Subjects
maximal load compared with leg exercise. The cardio- Onehundredsubjects(59men,41women)volunteered
vascular effects of repetitive McKenzie exercises could to participate in this study. The male subjects had a
have implications for patients with low back pain who mean age of 31 years (SD56.1, range522–43), and the
have coexistent cardiovascular conditions. Guidelines female subjects had a mean age of 30.6 years (SD56.7,
for the use of these exercises, however, are typically not range522–44). According to McKenzie, this age range
accompanied by cautions about potential cardiovascular represents individuals at risk for pathology of the spine,
stress. Thus, understanding the cardiovascular responses specifically postural syndrome (30 years of age and
to McKenzie exercises can be useful for clinicians using younger), dysfunction syndrome (30 years and older),
4,6
these exercises for diagnostic purposes and as an and derangement syndrome (20–55 years). The sam-
intervention. ple was one of convenience and included university
students and staff. Based on a questionnaire and inter-
Direct measurement of myocardial work as a function of view, subjects were excluded from the study if they
myocardial oxygen demand involves invasive techniques reported a history of cardiovascular or pulmonary con-
and is not feasible for routine clinical examination. ditions, anemia, recent musculoskeletal injury, history of
Simple noninvasive measures of cardiovascular re- low back pain, intervertebral or facet joint pathology, or
sponses, however, can be obtained with HR, systolic BP, a history of metabolic disorders or smoking. We chose to
24–27
andtherate-pressureproduct(RPP). TheRPPisthe eliminate individuals with these pathologies so that we
22
product of HR and systolic BP multiplied by 10 . The could first establish the cardiovascular effects of McKen-
RPP is considered an excellent index of myocardial zie exercises in the absence of pathology in this prelim-
25,26
oxygen demand and, therefore, work of the heart. inary study. Before testing, subjects were informed about
the purpose of the study, the risks, and their right to
21,25,26,28–30
Several researchers have investigated the terminate participation at any time. All subjects acknowl-
effect of various types of submaximal work performed by edged their understanding of the study and their will-
the upper extremities on the RPP versus the lower ingness to participate by providing signed consent.
extremities. The increase in HR and systolic BP per unit
of increase in work is greater during upper-extremity Testers
25,31–35
exercise than during lower-extremity exercise. Iso- The2physical therapists who conducted the testing had
metric exercise has been shown to increase both HR and completed the basic 4-part (A to D) series of McKenzie
8,33
BP and, therefore, RPP. Increases in HR and BP are courses and had an average of 7 years of experience
36,37
proportional to the torque produced by the muscles. working with the McKenzie system.
1526.Al-Obaidi et al Physical Therapy . Volume 81 . Number 9 . September 2001
I
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Figure 1.
Repetitive McKenzie spinal loading exercises (lumbar flexion and extension) performed in standing and lying: (A) flexion in standing (FIS),
(B) extension in standing (EIS), (C) flexion in lying (FIL), (D) extension in lying (EIL).
Research Design lumbar spine in the direction of the movement and
To examine the cardiovascular effects of the 4 exercise maintains the position for 1 to 2 seconds before the next
groups, we randomly assigned subjects in blocks so that repetition. For the purposes of our study, subjects were
eachgroupconsistedof25subjects.Theexercisegroups instructed not to hold their breath. A patient normally
1–4
were designated as flexion in standing (FIS), extension completes 10 to 15 repetitions within 1 minute. Sub-
in standing (EIS), flexion in lying (FIL), and extension jects became familiar with 1 of the 4 exercises by verbal
in lying (EIL) (Fig. 1). The experimental protocol was instruction, demonstration, and practice, before being
based on established clinical standards for performing instructed to perform the exercise for 3 sets of consec-
repetitive exercises of the lumbar spine as advocated by utive repetitions (10, 15, and 20 repetitions). They
4
McKenzie. These exercises are performed in an almost rested 15 minutes after each set to ensure that their HR
continuous rhythm. On each movement, the subject andBPreturnedtorestinglevelspriortoperformingthe
reaches the maximum possible end range of his or her next set of repetitions.
Physical Therapy . Volume 81 . Number 9 . September 2001 Al-Obaidi et al . 1527
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