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Universal Journal of Educational Research 8(11): 5061-5071, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.081106
Technology Acceptance Model' Concepts, Contribution,
Limitation, and Adoption in Education
1,* 1 1 2
Samar Zaineldeen , Li Hongbo , Aka Lucien Koffi , Bilal Mohammed Abdallah Hassan
1School of Management, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
2School of Economics and Management, Being Forestry University, China
Received June 10, 2020; Revised September 1, 2020; Accepted September 11, 2020
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles
(a): [1] Samar Zaineldeen, Li Hongbo, Aka Lucien Koffi, Bilal Mohammed Abdallah Hassan , "Technology Acceptance
Model' Concepts, Contribution, Limitation, and Adoption in Education," Universal Journal of Educational Research, Vol.
8, No. 11, pp. 5061-5071, 2020. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.081106.
(b): Samar Zaineldeen, Li Hongbo, Aka Lucien Koffi, Bilal Mohammed Abdallah Hassan (2020). Technology Acceptance
Model' Concepts, Contribution, Limitation, and Adoption in Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research,
8(11), 5061-5071. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.081106.
Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Numerous models have been provided by 1. Introduction
researchers in the past to determine and assess the success
of Information Systems. Every model has been evaluated. With the massive development of innovation,
Consequently, each model has pros and cons related to it. individuals have a higher chance of utilizing novel
Here we are studying the Technology acceptance Models technology in their everyday life and work. Indeed,
(TAM) and debating their features, contributions, and the researchers investigated and published a hypothetical
limits of the earlier version of this theory. The TAM model, model to clarify user's information technology acceptance
created by Davis (1989), is applied to determine the and use, for example, the theory of reasoned action [1,2],
acceptance, adoption, and utilization of information the theory of planned behavior [3,4], as well as the
technology. It is prevalent two constructs are used in TAM, technology acceptance model (TAM) [5,6], and customer
perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The TAM adoption of information technology in the direction of a
model gained extensive popularity between the researchers, unified view model [7]. Among those speculations and
and it is among the most effective models. TAM is models, "one of a broadly applied models of information
dissimilar to other models as it does not measure success. technologies acceptance and employ is the TAM" [8].
However, it is employed to investigate and predict the users’ TAM was applied to clarify the customer acceptance of
intention to use Information technology. Since technology innovation utilized in a diverse environment setting.
acceptance in an academic environment is becoming Review in the field of innovation adoption regularly
well-known, what had resulted in hubs of learning provides a challenge concerning the shortage of
describes as an online learning community. Therefore, this comparable studies and consumers' innovation in
paper gives a review of the present state of research on the experience [9]. With the rise in technological reliance in
Technology Acceptance Model. It offers a concise entry our lives and world economies connection, several
point to the theory’s background and its adoption in researchers linked with the scholarly community and
education, which might be purposely advantageous for industry have been actively concerned with studying
novice readers. The knowing of these models allows us to end-user adoption intentions of diverse technologies
know the factors that impact the adoption of IS in the [10,11].
education environment to take advantage of this tool. Regarding education, particularly for electronic learning,
Keywords Technology Acceptance Model, Education, in addition to mobile learning, the TAM is enormously
E-learning functional [12]. It was employed in a study that assessed
the recognition of the e-learning platform by learners.
5062 Technology Acceptance Model' Concepts, Contribution, Limitation, and Adoption in Education
TAM being assessed incorporates firms [13]; the TAM recognition of IS [5]. The conceptual basis for TAM is
was employed in research that inspected the attitudes of founded on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [2]. It was
staff and their adoption of e-learning frameworks in the created by [5]. TAM substitutes several of TRA’s attitude
enterprises. variables with the two technology acceptance factors–
In the area of administration investigation, TAM has perceived ease of use along with perceived usefulness.
obtained comprehensive experiential support throughout TAM concentrates on the approach explanations of
practice, approvals, in addition to applications [14] by intention to apply a particular service or technology. The
practitioners and scholars, proposing that TAM is robust TAM model has been expanded and customized.
over time, environments, communities, plus technologies. Numerous current studies have involved TAM when
The TAM was utilized in research that examined perceived studying the adoption of online technologies [17].
usefulness along with usage intention regarding impact
[15]; this was to assess four longitudinal investigations in 2.1. TAM 1
administration. The TAM was initially established by [18] and further
Awareness of the aspect that affects an individual’s created by Davis et al. [6] to create a model for computer
intent to utilize a system before the design of the system is technology acceptance. Surendran [19] verifies that the
essential to make the system broadly used and received by TAM is one of the concepts that has been base on (TRA)
potential users. In the field of IS, acceptance research is and has been applied to clarify an individual's acceptable
often conducted to figure out consumer intentions, which behavior. Concurring to [20], TAM substitutes some of
help in increasing system utilization. Thus, acceptance TRA's attitude factors with two variables of technology
studies the area of education is also compulsory. acceptance (perceived ease of use as well as perceived
The aim of the study usefulness). It recommends that perceived ease of use as
well as perceived usefulness includes an individual’s
The point of this study is to explore the technology intention to utilize a framework with "intention to use"
acceptance model studies in the education area mainly. working as a mediator of framework utilization [21].
With this investigation, the aim is to bring forth the existing Mainly, the TAM is consists of different variables (see
technology acceptance research pattern in the education Table 1): attitude towards behavior, behavioral intention,
area, detect the limitations, and propose an upcoming actual system use, perceived usefulness as well as
research path. perceived ease of use. Figure 1 demonstrates that the actual
This study deals with a vital concern in the TAM. system usage is instantly affected by behavioral intention,
Based on the different versions of this theory, this study which is impacted by an equal attitude towards behavior
tried to analyze researches on technology acceptance in and perceived usefulness. Attitude towards behavior is
the field of education, in particular online learning. straightly impacted by perceived ease of use in addition to
perceived usefulness. The TAM principally relies on two
factors, perceived usefulness in addition to perceived ease
2. Technology Acceptance Model of use, to inspect persons' beliefs in addition to attitude
toward computer technology approval [5]. Perceived
Following [16], the TAM is a model that emulates how Usefulness directly impact by perceived ease of use; also,
the customer comes to accept and utilize an innovation. external factors have an impact on perceived ease of use in
The TAM is further created for indicating end-user addition to Perceived Usefulness.
Table 1. The Constructs of the TAM
Constructs Literature support Definition
Behavioral Intention [22 , 23, 24,25] An individual intends to act in a manner without guarantees to do so
[2].
Attitude Towards Behaviour [26, 27 , 28 , 29] The extent to which a person thinks that acting the behavior is
negative or positive [7].
The extent to which an individual accepts that employing a certain
Perceived Usefulness [5 , 30 , 31, 32] application framework will raise his or her work performance
inside an organization environment [5].
Perceived Ease of Use [30, 7, 3, 5] Measures the level to which a person assumes that employing a
system is effortless [6].
Universal Journal of Educational Research 8(11): 5061-5071, 2020 5063
Figure 1. TAM1 Source [5]
Table 2. The Constructs of Perceived Usefulness in the TAM2
Constructs Literature support Definition
Subjective [ 3 , 29 , 34 , 35] The extent to which a person feels that individuals suppose he or she has to carry out
Norm the behavior [33].
can be characterized as the degree to which one's
Image [15,35, 36,37] status is viewed to be improved by the employ of innovation in one's status of social
systems [35]
Job Relevance [15,38,39,40] The level to which the innovation is correlated to the job of someone [15].
Results Demonstrability [8,35, 40,42] is distinct as visibility of results [15].
Output Quality [40,41,42,43] Distinct as “what extent the novel technology executes work made by the user" [15].
Figure 2. TAM 2 Source [15]
2.2. TAM 2 Venkatesh and Davis [15] performed longitudinal
Venkatesh and Davis [15] expanded TAM to clarify the research to explore the suggested model on 156 employees
determining factors of perceived usefulness. The expanded in four companies who utilize four systems, where the use
demonstrate, known as the TAM2 (as illustrated in Figure of two frameworks was optional, and the use of the other
2), contains social influence processing variables two frameworks was compulsory. The consequences
(subjective norms, image, as well as voluntariness), confirmed the accomplishment of the suggested model is
cognitive instrumental processing variables (perceived either chosen or compulsory use, where subjective norms
ease of use, result demonstrability, output quality, job do not affect voluntary environments. Moreover, the
relevance). Table 2 shows the constructs of perceived results of subjective norms on perceived usefulness, along
with behavioral intention, tend to be reduced when the
usefulness in the TAM2 experience is expanded.
5064 Technology Acceptance Model' Concepts, Contribution, Limitation, and Adoption in Education
Table 3. The Constructs of Perceived Ease of Use in the TAM3
Constructs Literature support Definition
Computer Anxiety [8,26,45,46] The concern of utilizes the computer or concern of the potential of utilizing a
computer [47].
Define as the level to which "the activity of applying a particular framework
Perceived enjoyment [48, 49,50,51] considered to be interesting in its own right, regardless of the consequences"
[44].
Computer self-efficacy [26 ,45,53; 54] Describe as the level to which persons believe they can achieve a particular
work utilizing the computer [52].
Computer playfulness [55,56,57,58] The fundamental inspiration to cooperate with the new framework [8].
The technology-based comparison regarding the actual, instead of user
Objective Usability [5,44 ,59,60] perception, effort
that is compulsory to achieve specific tasks [44].
Perception of external control [44,60,61,62] The level to which a person supposes that organizational assets are obtainable
to ease the system use [7].
Figure 3. TAM 3 Source[8]
2.3. TAM3 with subjective norms. Output quality, experience, in
The foremost later modification, the TAM generated an addition to voluntariness, are categorized as moderators.
innovative model, described as the TAM3. The main On the other side of the model, [8] assumed that
participants of the TAM3 are addressing the key factors of perceived ease of use is impacted by what they call anchors
perceived usefulness in addition to perceived ease of use and adjustments. Table (3)contains the declarations of the
[8]; as a result, the TAM3 was born from the integration of factors of perceived ease of use. These constructs were
called 'anchors' for the reason that when the facts about the
the TAM2 [15] with the paradigm of perceived ease of use system's ease of use are deficient, persons tend to depend
determinants [44]. Figure (3) shows the constructs of the on general information (anchor) to perceive the system's
TAM3. ease of use. Venkatesh [44] theorized that the anchors,
Venkatesh and Davis [15] assumed that perceived associated with computers and their use, drive people's
usefulness impacted by job relevance, output quality, preliminary opinion about the system's ease of use.
image, perceived ease of use, results demonstrability, along The four anchors that influence perceived ease of use are
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