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Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design Schematic Design Designing Using Computer Simulations Design of High Performance Features and Systems Designing for Daylighting Passive and Active Solar Systems Accommodating Recycling Activities LANL | Chapter 4 Schematic Design The Building Achieving a sustainable building requires a commitment Architectural programming establishes the needs and from developing the initial F&OR documents through requirements for all of the functions in the building and Architectural Design construction detailing and commissioning. Initial deci their relationship to one another. Wise programming sions, such as the building’s location, general massing, maximizes energy savings by placing spaces in the most and configuration profoundly affect the building’s envi advantageous position for daylighting, thermal control, ronmental impact and energy performance. Well and solar integration. It may also uncover opportunities defined sustainable goals will guide the entire spectrum for multiple functions to share space, thus reducing the of decisionmaking throughout the design and con gross square footage of the building. struction process (see Chapter 2). Architectural programming involves an analysis of the required spaces to meet the functional and operational In a sustainable building, the architecture needs of the facility. With an eye toward sustainability itself is expected to provide comfort for the occupants. etz en Gr r r Wa The long east/west axis, undulating Trombe wall providing passive solar heating and daylighting, and the horizontal architectural elements shading the Trombe wall in summer are sustainable building design features of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Visitor’s Center in Golden, Colorado. Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide 49 Chapter 4 | The Building Architectural Design and energyefficiency targets, the individual spaces Safety and security Utilizes passive solar gain when the building is in should be clearly described in terms of their: Similar functions, thermal zoning (see Chapter 5), need heating mode. Primary functions for daylight or connection to outdoors, need for privacy Minimizes solar gain when the building is in cooling Occupancy and time of use or security, or other relevant criteria can then be used mode through orientation, shading, and glazing to cluster spaces. selection. Daylight potential and electric light requirements After completing the F&OR document, careful concep Facilitates natural ventilation where appropriate. Indoor environmental quality standards tual design should strive for a building that: Has good solar access if use of solar thermal or Equipment and plug loads Has properly sized daylight apertures to avoid photovoltaic (PV) systems is anticipated. Acoustic quality glare and maintain proper contrast ratios for visual comfort. We shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us. – Winston S. Churchill, 1943 ood Thomas W Daylighting, natural ventilation cooling, downdraft cooltowers (evaporative cooling), Trombe wall (passive heating), and a roofmounted photovoltaic (PV) system are important components of the wholebuilding design strategy that reduced energy costs by more than 70% in the Zion National Park Visitors Center in Springdale, Utah. 50 Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide Chapter 4 | The Building Architectural Design Siting the Building for Solar Accessibility Careful site selection and building placement are essen tial for optimal daylight and solar utilization. Does the building site receive unobstructed solar radiation between the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.? Are there major sky obstructions such as geologic features, trees, or adjacent buildings? Does the site allow for an elongated eastwest configuration? If not, then manipulate the building shape to increase the potential for daylighting and solar load control. etz en Gr r r Wa Plan early In the conceptual design phase, site planning and building configuration and massing must involve all members of the design team. For example, the decision to daylight the building will influence the architectural design, the interior design, the HVAC design, and the electric lighting design. Use shad ing device tools and computer simulations to assess how building massing and orientation resulting from particular design decisions will affect overall building performance. Solar access is extremely important where use of solar thermal or PV systems is anticipated or for passive solar heating in small buildings with minimal internal gains. This chart shows solar access angles for buildings in Los Alamos. Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide 51
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