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File: Building Pdf 84266 | Sustainable Guide Ch4
chapter 4 the building architectural design schematic design designing using computer simulations design of high performance features and systems designing for daylighting passive and active solar systems accommodating recycling activities ...

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           Chapter 4: The Building 
           Architectural Design 
           Schematic Design 
           Designing Using Computer Simulations 
           Design of High Performance 
           Features and Systems 
           Designing for Daylighting 
           Passive and Active Solar Systems 
           Accommodating Recycling Activities 
                                                                                                                                                 LANL 
                          | 
              Chapter 4                                                  Schematic Design 
              The Building                                               Achieving a sustainable building requires a commitment     Architectural programming establishes the needs and 
                                                                         from developing the initial F&OR documents through         requirements for all of the functions in the building and 
              Architectural Design                                       construction detailing and commissioning. Initial deci­    their relationship to one another. Wise programming 
                                                                         sions, such as the building’s location, general massing,   maximizes energy savings by placing spaces in the most 
                                                                         and configuration profoundly affect the building’s envi­   advantageous position for daylighting, thermal control, 
                                                                         ronmental impact and energy performance. Well­             and solar integration. It may also uncover opportunities 
                                                                         defined sustainable goals will guide the entire spectrum   for multiple functions to share space, thus reducing the 
                                                                         of decision­making throughout the design and con­          gross square footage of the building. 
                                                                         struction process (see Chapter 2).                         Architectural programming involves an analysis of the 
                                                                                                                                    required spaces to meet the functional and operational 
                                                                           In a sustainable building, the architecture              needs of the facility. With an eye toward sustainability 
                                                                           itself is expected to provide comfort for the 
                                                                           occupants. 
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                                                                         The long east/west axis, undulating Trombe wall providing passive solar heating and daylighting, and the horizontal 
                                                                         architectural elements shading the Trombe wall in summer are sustainable building design features of the National 
                                                                         Renewable Energy Laboratory Visitor’s Center in Golden, Colorado. 
              Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide                                                                                                                             49 
               Chapter 4  |  The Building Architectural Design 
               and energy­efficiency targets, the individual spaces              Safety and security                                           Utilizes passive solar gain when the building is in 
               should be clearly described in terms of their:                 Similar functions, thermal zoning (see Chapter 5), need          heating mode. 
                  Primary functions                                           for daylight or connection to outdoors, need for privacy         Minimizes solar gain when the building is in cooling 
                  Occupancy and time of use                                   or security, or other relevant criteria can then be used         mode through orientation, shading, and glazing 
                                                                              to cluster spaces.                                               selection. 
                  Daylight potential and electric light requirements          After completing the F&OR document, careful concep­              Facilitates natural ventilation where appropriate. 
                  Indoor environmental quality standards                      tual design should strive for a building that:                   Has good solar access if use of solar thermal or 
                  Equipment and plug loads                                       Has properly sized daylight apertures to avoid                photovoltaic (PV) systems is anticipated. 
                  Acoustic quality                                               glare and maintain proper contrast ratios for visual 
                                                                                 comfort. 
                                                                                                                                                  We shape our buildings, 
                                                                                                                                                  and afterwards our buildings 
                                                                                                                                                  shape us. 
                                                                                                                                                  – Winston S. Churchill, 1943 
                                                                                                                                         ood 
                                                                                                                                         Thomas W
               Daylighting, natural ventilation cooling, downdraft cooltowers (evaporative cooling), Trombe wall (passive heating), 
               and a roof­mounted photovoltaic (PV) system are important components of the whole­building design strategy that 
               reduced energy costs by more than 70% in the Zion National Park Visitors Center in Springdale, Utah. 
    50         Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide
              Chapter 4  |  The Building Architectural Design 
              Siting the Building for Solar Accessibility 
              Careful site selection and building placement are essen­
              tial for optimal daylight and solar utilization. 
                Does the building site receive unobstructed solar 
                radiation between the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.? 
                Are there major sky obstructions such as geologic 
                features, trees, or adjacent buildings? 
                Does the site allow for an elongated east­west 
                configuration? If not, then manipulate the building 
                shape to increase the potential for daylighting and 
                solar load control. 
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                                                                                                                            Plan early 
                                                                                                                            In the conceptual design phase, site planning and 
                                                                                                                            building configuration and massing must involve all 
                                                                                                                            members of the design team. For example, the 
                                                                                                                            decision to daylight the building will influence the 
                                                                                                                            architectural design, the interior design, the HVAC 
                                                                                                                            design, and the electric lighting design. Use shad­
                                                                                                                            ing device tools and computer simulations to assess 
                                                                                                                            how building massing and orientation resulting 
                                                                                                                            from particular design decisions will affect overall 
                                                                                                                            building performance. 
              Solar access is extremely important where use of solar thermal or PV systems is 
              anticipated or for passive solar heating in small buildings with minimal internal 
              gains. This chart shows solar access angles for buildings in Los Alamos. 
              Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide                                                                                                                     51 
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