Bosnia and Herzegovina 
                     ROAD  DIRECTORATE                  Public Company 
                     FEDERATION OF B&H                  "REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA ROADS" 
             Sarajevo                          Banja Luka 
             
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
              GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, 
                          MAINTENANCE AND SUPERVISION 
             
             
             
                                    VOLUME I: DESIGNING 
             
             
                                 SECTION 1: ROAD DESIGNING 
             
             
                               Part 3: GEOMETRICAL ROAD ELEMENTS 
                                                    
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
                                         Sarajevo/Banja Luka 
                                                 2005 
             
                Guidelines for Road Design                                                       Geometrical road elements 
                 
                CONTENTS 
                 
                1    TRAFFIC............................................................................................................................ 3 
                  1.1     DRIVER-VEHICLE-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM...................................................................3 
                     1.1.1    Traffic participants................................................................................................3 
                     1.1.2    Traffic functions ...................................................................................................3 
                     1.1.3    Motor vehicles in road traffic.................................................................................5 
                     1.1.4    Cyclists, pedestrians and means of transportation for disabled persons....................8 
                     1.1.5    Road environment (the road and its surroundings).................................................9 
                  1.2     TRAFFIC DATA.......................................................................................................... 10 
                     1.2.1    Traffic volume.................................................................................................... 10 
                     1.2.2    Use of traffic data............................................................................................... 10 
                     1.2.3    Vehicle classification........................................................................................... 11 
                  1.3     TRAFFIC DEMAND AND TRAFFIC VOLUME.................................................................. 12 
                     1.3.1    Design traffic volume.......................................................................................... 12 
                     1.3.2    Service flow rate, level of service......................................................................... 13 
                     1.3.3    Decision making: planning and designing road facilities ........................................ 13 
                     1.3.4    Planning period.................................................................................................. 15 
                     1.3.5    Traffic design of road elements........................................................................... 15 
                2    BASES FOR SELECTION OF ROAD ELEMENTS.................................................................... 17 
                  2.1     BASIC ROAD ELEMENTS............................................................................................ 17 
                     2.1.1    Road body......................................................................................................... 17 
                     2.1.2    Technical classification of roads........................................................................... 17 
                     2.1.3    Types of speeds................................................................................................. 19 
                     2.1.4    Driving-dynamical conditions............................................................................... 19 
                     2.1.5    Typical traffic lane widths ................................................................................... 21 
                     2.1.6    Influence of traffic volume on road element dimensions........................................ 22 
                  2.2     ASSESSMENT OF DIMENSIONS OF ROAD GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS...............................22 
                     2.2.1    On roads belonging to technical groups A, B, and C.............................................. 22 
                     2.2.2    On roads belonging to technical group D (roads of low traffic volume)................... 23 
                     2.2.3    Influence of resulting carriageway slope .............................................................. 24 
                     2.2.4    Method of assessing road element dimensions..................................................... 25 
                3    CROSS SECTION OF THE ROAD........................................................................................ 25 
                  3.1     GENERAL.................................................................................................................. 25 
                  3.2     TRAFFIC PROFILE AND PROFILE CLEARANCES........................................................... 26 
                     3.2.1    Traffic Profile ..................................................................................................... 26 
                     3.2.2    Profile Clearances............................................................................................... 27 
                  3.3     CROSS SECTION ELEMENTS...................................................................................... 32 
                     3.3.1    Carriageway....................................................................................................... 33 
                     3.3.2    Border lanes / areas ........................................................................................... 51 
                     3.3.3    Design of slopes of embankments and cuts along the road ................................... 57 
                     3.3.4    Planting of Areas Lateral to Roads....................................................................... 58 
                  3.4     STANDARD CROSS PROFILES – SCP........................................................................... 60 
                RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04                Volume I - Section 1 – Part 3                       Page 1 of 121 
           Geometrical road elements                                                        Guidelines for Road Design 
               3.4.1    Types of cross profiles on the road.......................................................................60 
               3.4.2    Geometrical cross profile (GCP)............................................................................60 
               3.4.3    Typical Cross Profiles...........................................................................................61 
               3.4.4    Normal Cross Profile............................................................................................76 
               3.4.5    Characteristic Cross Profile (CCP).........................................................................79 
               3.4.6    Detailed Cross Profile (DCP).................................................................................81 
          4    PROJECT ROAD ELEMENTS...............................................................................................83 
            4.1    GENERAL BASIS ........................................................................................................83 
            4.2    SIGHT DISTANCE......................................................................................................83 
               4.2.1    Speed decreasing distance...................................................................................84 
               4.2.2    Stopping distance and sight distance clearance.....................................................84 
               4.2.3    Horizontal sight clearance....................................................................................88 
               4.2.4    Vertical sight distance .........................................................................................89 
               4.2.5    Overtaking sight distance ....................................................................................90 
               4.2.6    Sight distance in crossroads areas........................................................................91 
            4.3    ROAD AXIS IN SPACE ................................................................................................91 
               4.3.1    Normal position of road axis in cross-section.........................................................92 
               4.3.2    Position of vertical alignment in cross-section .......................................................93 
               4.3.3    Sectional jump of road axis and vertical alignment................................................93 
            4.4    ROAD AXIS GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS IN PLAN (HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT)....................95 
               4.4.1    Straight line........................................................................................................95 
               4.4.2    Arc.....................................................................................................................96 
               4.4.3    Transition curve..................................................................................................99 
               4.4.4    Combining and conformity of horizontal elements...............................................106 
            4.5    ROAD AXIS ELEMENTS IN LONGITUDINAL SECTION    (VERTICAL ALIGNMENT).........108 
               4.5.1    Longitudinal gradient of vertical alignment..........................................................109 
               4.5.2    Maximum gradient of vertical alignment.............................................................109 
               4.5.3    Minimum gradient of vertical alignment..............................................................110 
               4.5.4    Curvatures between tangents (vertical curvatures)..............................................111 
               4.5.5    Combining and conformity of adjoining elements of vertical alignment.................114 
            4.6    COMBINING ROAD AXIS GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS......................................................115 
               4.6.1    Spatial conformity of axis horizontal elements and vertical alignment...................115 
           
          Page 2 of 121                         Volume I - Section 1 – Part 3            RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04