16 
  Urinary Elimination
  1. List qualities of urine and identify signs and symptoms about 
  urine to report
  The following are normal characteristics of urine: 
   • Adults produce about 1200 to 1500 mL of urine, although 
    elderly may produce less 
   • Light, pale yellow, or amber in color 
   • Clear or transparent 
   • Faint smell 
  16 
  Urinary Elimination
  1. List qualities of urine and identify signs and symptoms about 
  urine to report
  REMEMBER:
  Medications, certain foods or dyes, and vitamins/supplements 
  might affect the color and/or odor of urine, but an NA should 
  report anything unusual about a resident’s urine right away. 
  16 
  Urinary Elimination
  1. List qualities of urine and identify signs and symptoms about 
  urine to report
  NAs should report the following signs and symptoms related to 
  urine:
   • Cloudy urine 
   • Dark or rust-colored urine 
   • Strong-, offensive-, or fruity-smelling urine 
   • Pain, burning, or pressure when urinating 
   • Blood, pus, mucus, or discharge 
   • Protein or glucose in urine
   • Urinary incontinence  
  16 
  Urinary Elimination
  2. List factors affecting urination and demonstrate how to assist 
  with elimination
  Define the following terms:
  fracture pan
    a bedpan that is flatter than the regular bedpan.
  portable commode
    a chair with a toilet seat and a removable container 
    underneath; also called a bedside commode.
      16 Urinary Elimination
      Transparency 16-1: Factors Affecting Urination 
            •Normal changes of aging
                  -  Bladder cannot hold as much urine. 
                  -  Elderly people may need to urinate more. 
                  -  Bladder may not empty completely, causing risk of infection.
            •Psychological factors 
                  -  Lack of privacy 
                  -  Stress, depression, anxiety
            •Fluid intake
            •Muscle tone 
            •Medications 
            •Disorders 
                  -  Bladder disease 
                  -  Infections 
                  -  Arthritis 
                  -  Congestive heart disease
                  -  Neurological diseases 
                  -  Diabetes