E-Mobility in Local Public Transport
     The e-SMART project deals with the integration of e-mobility into last-mile logistics and public transport in Alpine Space, especially in Italy, 
     France, Germany and Slovenia. In doing so, e-Smart wants to inform political decision-makers, transport planners, mobility officers in the 
     private and public sector and all interested parties and accompany them in the integration of e-mobility with all associated components 
     such as infrastructure and network compatibility. For this purpose, several different "trainings" were developed within the framework of e-
     SMART and are now made available.
     In this training, the e-SMART consortium would like to offer answers to the following questions:
                                     1.   Why it is worthwhile to rely your region on e-mobility in public transport?
                                     2.   Which factors drive e-mobility in this area?
                                     3.   Which tips are helpful when integrating e-mobility into public transport?
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                         1. Why it is worthwhile to rely your region on e-mobility in public transport?
  25% of all greenhouse gas emissions in Europe are currently due to transport, of which about 8% (per passenger and kilometer) are due to 
  public bus transport1. This is another reason why public transport should be modernised and organised in a more environmentally friendly 
  way. There are a number of advantages to be gained from operating a low-emission or, in the best case, climate-neutral public transport 
  system: 
                • Reduction of traffic-related CO2 emissions
                • Reduction of fine dust emissions
                • Reduction of traffic noise
                • Improvement of the quality of air Wthe citizens
                • Improvement for the image of the city and region
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                                       2. Which factors drive e-mobility in alpine space?
       The adoption of e-buses is driven by various market, policy and fiscal factors, and the balance varies by country and city. The 
       following factors are considered particularly significant:
            •   2.1  Legislation
            •   2.2  Renewable energy
            •   2.3  Technology
            •   2.4  Policy priorities
            •   2.5  Market economics
            •   2.6  Tax policy
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                                                                                                                  2.1 Legislation
           Paris Agreement/ COP26 Glasgow:
                    •    (a) Limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial 
                         levels. This should significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
                    •    (b) Increasing the capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, promoting resilience to climate change, and promoting development that is associated with low 
                         greenhouse gas emissions while not threatening food production;
                    •    (c) Compatibility of financial flows with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilient development.2
           Clean Vehicle Directive:
                    •    For the first time, the law sets binding minimum targets for low-emission and zero-emission passenger cars as well as light and heavy commercial vehicles, especially for buses 
                         in public transport, for public procurement. The requirements will apply from 2 August 2021 and oblige the public sector and, for individual services, also a selection of certain 
                         players organised under private law (e.g. postal and parcel services, city cleaning) to ensure that some of the vehicles purchased must be low-emission or zero-emission in the 
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                         future.
           National, regional and city resolutions:
                    •    For some nations, regions and cities, the decisions and guidelines adopted at the transnational level did not go far enough. Thus, within these structures, more ambitious goals 
                         were adopted in the corresponding instruments
           Access restriction policies:
                    •    As a rule, access restrictions or closures aim at traffic calming and area upgrading in the sense of an increased quality of stay. For example, commuters from certain parts of the 
                         city can be shifted to public transport.an essentially distinguishes between two concepts of direct access restriction:
                          o    Pedestrian zones (ban on all motor vehicles with limited permission for delivery traffic at off-peak times). 
                          o    Environmental zones (ban for a part of motor vehicles with special characteristics).
                          In the urban area of an environmental zone, access for passenger cars that do not meet certain exhaust emission standards 
             11/2021 is prohibited. This measure is primarily intended to reduce particulate matter pollution in inner cities and improve air quality. 
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                                   2.4 Policy priorities 
     In order to achieve the decisions made at global and European level to meet the climate targets, a shift from individual mobility 
     to the use of public transport is necessary. In doing so, the public offer should be expanded and made more attractive for all 
     users. At the same time, European public transport is to be made sustainable and emission-free. Several major European cities, 
     including Paris and London, want to have established an emission-free transportation system by 2050. The use of fully electric 
     buses in local public transport is seen as a key component of this.
     Advantages of using all-electric buses:
     •  Reduction of traffic-related CO2 emissions. 
     •  Reduction of fine dust emissions
     •  Reduction of traffic noise
     •  Improvement of the quality of air and life
     •  Improvement for the image of the city or region
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