UNIT 5
         CAUSE & EFFECT
             Vocabulary 
   • Heat treatment of steel: 
    – annealing 
    – hardening 
    – Tempering
   • WORD FORMATION (U2->p28): N from Vbs
         Grammar and functions
   • Expressing cause & effect =CONNECTORS
   • ALLOW / CAUSE / AVOID
                             CAUSE & EFFECT
                                             CAUSE
       •  BECAUSE
       •  SINCE + SENTENCE  (S+Vb)  porque, puesto que, ya que
       •  AS
                                      Debido a + NOUN / Vb -ING
       •  DUE TO
       •  BECAUSE OF  + NOUN / VB -ING
       •  OWING TO
                           Debido a  QUE + SENTENCE (S+Vb)
       •  DUE TO THE FACT THAT                     + (Sentence)
       •  BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT                      + (Sentence)
       •  OWING TO THE FACT THAT  + (Sentence)
       •  ONE  EFFECT / RESULT / CONSEQUENCE  OF   C  IS  E
             CAUSE & EFFECT
                    VERBS
   • C  RESULTS IN      E dar como resultado 
   • C  BRINGS ABOUTE provocar,
   • C GIVES RISE TO E  implicar, suponer
   • C  LEADS TO      E  lleva/conduce a 
   • C CAUSES/ALLOWS E  hace que (+Vb)
       BECOMES  (+ adj)   resulta + ADJ
            CAUSE & EFFECT 
                  EFFECT
   • THEREFORE,   por lo tanto
   • THUS,      así,
   • HENCE,       así pues
   • CONSEQUENTLY,
   • AS A CONSEQUENCE, 
   • AS A RESULT,
   • DUE TO THIS, como consecuencia,
   • THEREBY    de este modo 
   • IN THIS WAY  …
    C, SO THAT  E  de modo que / para que
            EXERCISE
 1. We use copper in wires due to its ductility
 2. We mix pure metals with other materials so that  we obtain the 
  required properties
 3. Aluminium is used in structures as it is corrosion resistant
 4. Aluminium is used in structures because of its corrosion 
  resistance
 5. Tempering results in a decrease in hardness and ...
 6. Plastics are insulators, thus they are used to cover wires
 7. Annealed steel is more machineable since this process 
  releases internal stresses
 8. With hardening, the metal becomes stronger
 9. Iron is brittle. As a consequence it is mixed with other ... 
 10.Alloying is a way of changing the properties of metals. In this 
  way we can obtain materials with specific characteristics