AT THE END OF THIS LECTURE 
   PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE 
   ABLE TO:
   Clarify the concepts of management; 
     administration and leadership
   Compare the three concepts;
   Explain the four major historical paradigms or 
     frameworks for learning principles of 
     management and leadership;
   Explain the classical principles with an emphasis 
     on Henri Fayol’s principles
   Explain the recent developments classifications of 
     management paradigms for learning principles of 
     management
   CLARIFICATION OF THE BASIC 
   CONCEPTS
  Management
  The term, management, may be adopted to refer 
   to four major phenomena. These are 
   management, as a discipline, management as an 
   entity and management as playing a leadership 
   role in an organization, Azelama (2012).
  Non-technical sense
  Management as a discipline
  Management as an entity
  Management as a process  refers  to  a  process, 
   POSDCORB
    Administration: as a term may be adopted to refer to four 
    major  phenomena.  These  are  a  discipline,  a  regime,  e.g. 
    Buhari Administration, a categoric group of job holders and 
    as  the  functions  of  the  executive,  as  explained  under 
    management above.
    Management  and  administration  can  be  compared  as 
    explained  above.  It  shows  that  the  two  concepts  mean  the 
    same  as  discipline,  a  categoric  group  of  employee  and 
    functions of the executives. The two areas they cannot be used 
    interchangeably are the non-technical usage as management 
    and administration as a regime.
    Leadership occurs, according to Bass (1990) when a member 
    of a group modifies the motivation and competence of its other 
    members.  Schriesheim,  Tolliver  2  Behling,  (1978)  saw 
    leadership as a social influence where a person (the leader) 
    seeks the voluntary participation of subordinates for efficient 
    attainment of the goals of the organisation
    These definitions show that:
    1. a leader, unlike a ruler, adopts authority or legitimacy and not coercion 
      to attract obedience;
    2. every manager or administrator is a leader;
    3. a manager plays a formal role, occupies a formal position and operates in 
      line with the dos and don’ts of the position in the organisation; and
    4. leadership role can also be played outside a formal organisation
    Principles of Management
    Different writers have put forward various principles of management based 
    on different factors. We select a few for discussion in this lecture. The 
    selection is based on four major experiences in learning management 
    principles. These are:
     management/Leadership Philosophy; 
     classical design/organisation theories;
     the social approach to organizations; and
     the behavioural or scientific approach
     Leadership/rulership thoughts
     Under  classical  organisaiton  there  are  the  works  of  bureaucratic 
     organisation by Max Weber, scientific management by Frederick Taylor 
     and Principles of administration by Henri Fayol.
     The principles under the Weberian bureaucratic organisation are:
      formalism;
      written rules;
      hierarchy;
      division of work; and
      Employment and advancement based on merit and career employment
     A study of these paradigms and principles of management and leadership 
     in them are intended to raise the level of productivity and satisfaction of 
     leaders and the lead and managers and subordinate.
     In scientific management by Federick Taylor we have:
      Develop a science for each element of man’s work.
      Scientifically selected train the workman.
      Heartily co-operate with the men 
      There is almost an equal division of work and responsibility between 
       management and the workmen.