A. Introduction
           LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT CONTRASTED
                Management                         Leadership
             1 Management is about coping          Leadership is about coping with 
                with complexity                    change
             2 Brings about order and              Establishes direction by 
                consistency through rigid          developing a vision; align 
                organizational structures, formal  people with vision, and inspire 
                plans; monitor results against     them to overcome hurdles
                plan
             3 Management derives its              Leadership derives its authority 
                authority from designated          from its inherent special 
                formal ranks                       qualities and attributes
             4 Management implements the           Leadership provides vision and 
                visions and strategies of          strategies
                leadership
             5 Not all managers are leaders        Not all leaders are managers
            B. LEADERSHIP - DEFINITION
             The ability to influence people to willingly follow 
             one’s guidance or adhere to one’s decision
             The ability to influence a group toward the 
             achievement of goals
             C. TRAIT THEORIES
             Trait Theories are theories that seek to define personal 
                qualities
               and characteristics that distinguish leaders from non 
                leaders.
             Behavioural  scientists  have  sought  to  differentiate 
                leaders  from  non-leaders  by  observing  certain 
                characteristics  or  traits  that  seem  to  permeate 
                Attitudinal traits    Social traits         Physical x’tics
                popular leaders. E.g.,
                Ambition              Tact                  Height
                Energy                Patience              Weight
                Self-confidence       Sympathy              Charisma
                Knowledge
           C. TRAIT THEORIES
        About 20 different research studies identified almost 
           80 leadership traits but only five of these traits were 
           common to four or more of the investigations.
        It was concluded that no set of traits could always 
           differentiate leaders from followers; effective leaders 
           from ineffective leaders.
        However, some traits were found to be consistently 
           associated with leadership. E.g.,
            Ambition
            Energy
            Desire to lead
            Self-confidence
            Intelligence
            Knowledge
            Self-monitoring  (Highly  flexible  and  ability  to  adapt  to 
             different situations)
       C. TRAIT THEORIES
       Some traits increase the likelihood of success as a 
        leader but no single trait guarantees success.
       There  are  no  universal  traits  that  predict 
        leadership in all situations.
       Traits may predict the appearance of leadership, 
        rather  than  distinguish  between  effective  and 
        ineffective leaders.
       The fact that a person exhibits traits, and others 
        consider that person a leader, does not mean the 
        leader is successful at getting goals achieved.
       Q. How would you describe an unsuccessful leader?
       - An ineffective leader or a non-leader?