New Education policy
    1. What are the salient features of new Education policy 2020
    •   All higher education institutions, except legal and medical colleges, to be governed by a single regulator .
    •   Common norms to be in place for private and public higher education institutions.
    •   MPhil courses to be discontinued.
    •   Board exams to be based on knowledge application.
    •   Home language, mother tongue or regional language to be medium of instruction up to class 5.
    •   Common entrance exams to be held for admission to universities and higher education institutions.
    •   School curriculum to be reduced to core concepts; integration of vocational education from class 6.
    •   Multilingualism is the underlying principle of this policy.
    •   Using the power of language for integration and for understanding of Indian culture and values is the intended objective.
    •   In Grades 6-8, focus is on vocational studies in school- level, which includes carpentry, electric work, metal work, gardening,
         pottery making etc., as decided by States and local communities.
    •   Experiential learning including arts-integrated and sports-integrated education as well as story-telling-based pedagogy.
    •   The existing 10+2 structure in school education will be modified with a new pedagogical and curricular restructuring of
          5+3+3+4 covering ages 3-18. This means the first five years of school will comprise of the foundation stage. The next three
          years will be divided into a preparatory stage from classes 3 to 5. Later, there will be three years of middle stage
          (classes 6 to 8), and four years of secondary stage (classes 9 to 12).
    1(a) what are the basic differences in the challenges of Primary sector and tertiary education.
    Primary Education:
    •   The primary education in India is divided into two parts, namely Lower Primary (Class I-IV) and Upper Primary
         (Middle school, Class V-VIII). 
    •   Emphasis is more on primary education (Class I-VIII) also referred to as elementary education, to children aged 6 to 14
          Years old. Because education laws are given by the states, duration of primary school visit alters between the states. 
    •   The government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions.
    •   However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social
         conditions. 
    •   80% of all recognized schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of
         education in the country.
     
    Tertiary Education:
    •   Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following
         the completion of secondary education. 
         The World Bank, defines tertiary education as including universities as well as trade schools and colleges.
    •   The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (India) (UGC), which enforces its
         standards, advises the government, and helps co-ordinate between the centre and the state up to Post graduation and
         Doctorate (Ph.D.).
    •   Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants
         Commission.
    2. How many policies we had so far and what was the fundamental objective of each which makes every policy unique.
    Education Under British Rule
    •   The education system was first developed in the three presidencies (Bombay, Calcutta and Madras). By linking entrance and
         advancement in government service to academic education, colonial rule contributed to the legacy of an education system
         geared to preserving the position and prerogatives of the more privileged. 
    •   In the early 1900’s, the Indian National Congress called for national education, placing an emphasis on technical and
         vocational training.
    •   In 1920 Congress initiated a boycott of government-aided and government-controlled schools and founded several
         ‘national’ schools and colleges.