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• A.3 Petroleum Refining
• Crude oil is a mixture of many components, refining does not
separate each compound
• Refining produces several distinct mixtures
• Fractions
• Distinctive mixtures produced by large scale refining
• Range of properties in each mixture
• Fractions will have distinct uses
• Fractional distillation
• Process of refining crude oil
• Very tall columns
• Vaporized molecules continue upwards in column
• The higher it gets, more molecules condense as the temperature
cools
• At the top, only the very lightest molecules remain a vapor
• Heavy molecules stay at the bottom of the column, as temperatures
cannot get high enough to boil. They are called bottoms
• A.4 Examining Petroleum’s molecules
• Intermolecular forces
• Forces of attraction between molecules
• Gases have very weak intermolecular forces
• Weak forces allow molecules to readily separate from each other
• Gas fractions contain compounds with low boiling points (<40C)
• 1-4 carbons
• only slight molecular attractions
• Found at the top of column
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