Presentation outline 5-6-2017
                                                                 Time
    Research , epidemiology and biostatistics.            10:25  to  10:30
    Basic statistical concepts and their application      10:30   to   10:40
    to healthcare research
    Population and samples                               10: 40   to   10:59
    Types of samples and when to use it.                  11:00  to   11:10
    Data sources and data quality                         11:10   to 11:20
                                                                           2
                             Definition of Statistics
      •   Different authors have defined statistics differently. The best 
          definition of statistics is given by Croxton and Cowden according to 
          whom statistics may be defined as the science, which 
          deals with collection, presentation, analysis 
          and interpretation of numerical data.
      •   The science and art of dealing with variation in data through collection, 
          classification, and analysis in such a way as to obtain reliable results. —
          (John M. Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology ) 
      • Branch of mathematics that deals with the 
          collection, organization, and analysis of numerical 
          data and with such problems as experiment design 
          and decision making. —(Microsoft  Encarta Premium 2009)
                 Definition of 
            Biostatistics = Medical statistics
   • Biostatistics may be defined as application 
    of statistical methods to medical, 
    biological and public health related 
    problems.
   •  It is the scientific treatment given to the 
    medical data derived from group of individuals 
    or patients
    Role of Statistics in Clinical Medicine
  The main theory of statistics lies in the term variability. 
  There is No two individuals are same. For example, blood 
  pressure of person may vary from time to time as well as from 
  person to person.
  We can also have instrumental variability as well as observers
  variability. 
  Methods of statistical inference provide largely objective means 
  for drawing conclusions from the data about the issue under 
  study. Medical science is full of uncertainties and statistics deals 
  with uncertainties. Statistical methods try to quantify the 
  uncertainties present in medical science. 
  It helps the researcher to arrive at a scientific judgment about
  a hypothesis. It has been argued that decision making is an
  integral part of a physician’s work. 
  Frequently, decision making is probability based.
               Role of Statistics in
           Public Health and Community Medicine
   Statistics finds an extensive use in Public Health and Community Medicine. 
   Statistical methods are foundations for public health administrators to 
   understand what is happening to the population under their care at community 
   level as well as individual level. If reliable information regarding the disease is
   available, the public health administrator is in a position to:
   ●● Assess community needs
   ●● Understand socio-economic determinants of health
   ●● Plan experiment in health research
   ●● Analyze their results
   ●● Study diagnosis and prognosis of the disease for taking
   effective action
   ●● Scientifically test the efficacy of new medicines and
   methods of treatment.