CHAPTER CONTENTS
 Chapter 01 Descriptive Statistics
 • 1.1 Introduction
 • 1.2 Basic Concepts 
 • 1.3 Sampling Schemes
 • 1.4 Graphical Representation of Data 
 • 1.5 Numerical Description of Data 
 • 1.6 Computers and Statistics 
 • 1.7 Chapter Summary 
 • 1.8 Computer Examples 
 • Projects for Chapter 1 
                 1.1 Introduction
                         1.1.1 DATA COLLECTION
 GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION
 • 1. Define the objectives of the problem
        Develop the experiment or survey.
 • 2. Define the variables or parameters of interest.
 • 3. Define the procedures of data collection
         Define the measuring techniques. 
          This includes    sampling procedures, 
                   sample size, and 
                   data-measuring devices (questionnaires, telephone interviews, etc.).
                     1.2 Basic Concepts 
     Definition 1.2.1 
     A population is the collection or set of all objects or measurements
     that are of interest to the collector.
       EXAMPLE 1.2.1
       Suppose we wish to study the heights of all female students at a certain university. 
       The population will be  
        (1) the set of all female students in the university  ？
        (2) the set of the measured heights of all female students in the university  ？
             What is the average height of all the males in Taiwan?
             Population: The heights of all the males in Taiwan
             A sample: 100 randomly picked males in Taiwan 
                                     Population   vs   sample
                                   ？
     Definition 1.2.2 
     The sample is a subset of data selected from a population. The size of a sample is the 
     number of elements in it.
         Examples of population & sample？
         Political polls: 
           The population = all the voters               ~ 11,000,000 Taiwanese citizens
           A sample = a subset of voters we poll.   ~ 1230 voters
         Laboratory experiment: 
           The population = all the data we could have collected if we were to repeat the experiment a large 
                   number of times (infinite number of times) under the same conditions
           A sample = the data actually collected by an experiment.
         Quality control: 
           The population = the entire batch of items produced, say, by a machine or by a plant
           A sample = a subset of items we tested.
         Clinical studies: 
           The population = all the patients with the same disease
           A sample = the subset of patients used in the study           1000 patients: 700 recovered    effective?
         Finance: 
           The population = All common stock listed in stock exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange, the 
                   American Stock Exchanges, and over-the-counter 
           A sample = A collection of 20 randomly picked individual stocks from these exchanges