Introduction
            All are physical separation processes involved in upstream vaccine 
            purification.
                [1]                   [2]            [3]
         Centrifugatio       Filtration        Dialysis 
            n
                                                  [5
         Centrifugation                           ]
     Function: Isolating DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.
     Mechanism: Density reliant process; separation 
     using centrifugal forces 
    [4
    ]
                 Centrifugation: Equation 6
                                                                                         Rotations 
                                                                                         per Minute 
                                                                                         (rpm)
           Relative Centrifugal                      Distance 
           Force                                     (cm)
                    Parameters                  Low Speed                   High Speed
                Speed Ranges (rpm)              2000 - 6000               18,000 - 22,000
                   Maximum RCF                     8,000                      60,000
         Filtration
         Function: Removal of cell debris (“clarification” step of vaccine production)
         Mechanism: Particle size, pressure gradient
         Types: 
          ● Tubular Pressure Filtration
          ● Tangential Flow Filtration (Hollow Fiber or Plate and Frame)
          ● Depth Filtration
          ● Membrane Filtration
                 Filtration: General Equation
                                                                      Change in pressure across filter
                                                                          Volume of 
          Area of                           Concentration of solid        Filtrate
          filter             Filtrate       in initial mixture per 
                             viscosity      volume of filtrate                          [7]
                 Change in 
                 volume of 
                 filtrate over 
                 time                       All other terms are resistance terms (R, alpha)