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AP
US
History
Different
types
of
Money
Money
is
the
lubricant
that
greases
the
wheels
of
the
economy.
This
is
how:
1. Money
is
a
medium
of
exchange
with
a
uniform
agreed-‐upon
value.
Money’s
use
speeds
up
transactions
and
increases
the
variety
of
possible
transactions
because
nobody
has
to
compute
how
many
chickens
a
pig
is
worth;
they
just
sell
a
pig
for
X
dollars
and
then
buy
a
chicken
for
Y
dollars.
2. Another
advantage
of
money
is
that
it
keeps
its
value
if
you
put
it
in
storage
and
ignore
it,
which
is
also
something
that
does
not
work
well
with
chickens
and
pigs.
3. Yet
another
advantage
of
money
is
that
it
serves
not
only
as
a
uniform
measure
of
value,
but
also
as
a
uniform
measure
of
debt.
This
enables
the
widespread
lending
of
capital
among
people
who
do
not
even
know
each
other,
further
promoting
economic
activity.
Banks
are
often
crucial
to
facilitating
this
role
of
money
in
an
economy,
central
clearinghouses
that
take
excess
capital
and
put
it
to
use.
Traditionally,
money
was
some
kind
of
metal,
often
gold
or
silver,
with
a
value
everyone
agreed
upon.
But
by
1800,
the
amount
and
value
of
commerce
outpaced
the
growth
of
any
precious
metal
reserves.
Americans
came
up
with
other
media
of
exchange
as
their
needs
arose.
All
kinds
of
money,
or
currency,
circulated
simultaneously.
US
and
foreign
Hard
Money
mingled
with
Specie
Money
issued
by
various
state
banks,
Bills
of
Exchange
used
to
facilitate
foreign
trade,
and
Bank
Notes,
or
Credit
Money,
used
both
internationally
and
domestically.
Here
are
the
classifications:
• HARD
MONEY,
“The
coin
of
the
Realm”
–
This
type
of
currency
is
made
of
precious
metals
that
hold
value
across
time
and
civilizations,
the
exchange
value
being
determined
by
the
relative
weight
and
st
purity
of
the
metal.
In
the
21
century,
the
face
value
of
a
coin
is
most
often
higher
than
its
value
as
a
metal,
thus
modern
coinage
operates
more
as
Fiat
Money
(see
below).
• SPECIE
MONEY
–
An
adaptation
of
Hard
Money
designed
for
commerce,
where
a
Paper
Note
holds
value
because
it
is
backed
by
a
reserve
of
precious
metal,
either
in
a
bank
vault
or
national
treasury.
• CREDIT
MONEY
–
Currency
that
is
backed
only
by
a
collective
belief
in
the
stability
of
its
issuer.
If
issued
by
a
government
or
chartered
bank
in
the
form
of
Bank
Notes,
it
was
generally
supposed
to
be
redeemable
for
Specie
Money
upon
demand.
Credit
money
was
also
issued
by
private
banks,
often
backed
by
land
holdings
with
a
market
value
theoretically
greater
than
the
total
of
the
Bank
Notes
issued.
Large
businesses
also
sometimes
issued
credit
money.
As
credit
money
was
not
actually
backed
by
Hard
Money
or
Specie
Money,
a
panic
(too
many
people
wanting
to
exchange
their
notes
for
specie
at
the
same
time)
would
often
cause
the
collapse
of
the
issuing
bank.
Credit
money
is
worth
no
more
than
the
popular
faith
in
the
institution
that
issues
it.
It
is
just
that
faith
that
prevents
panics.
Since
1933,
panics
have
been
averted
and
faith
in
U.S.
banks
has
been
supported
by
the
FDIC,
a
federal
program
that
insures
individual
deposits,
up
to
a
set
value,
against
bank
failure.
• FIAT
MONEY
–
A
particular
type
of
Credit
Money,
it
holds
particular
value
because
the
government
accepts
or
requires
it
as
payment
for
taxes,
and
the
government
has
a
reasonable
expectation
of
being
able
to
collect
those
taxes.
It
is
not
backed
by
any
precious
metal.
Much
of
the
money
in
circulation
today
is
fiat
money
because
it
is
only
used
by
mutual
agreement
(fiat)
that
it
will
serve
as
a
medium
of
exchange.
Today
the
dollar’s
value
is
supported
by
faith
in
the
size
of
the
economy.
The
reason
exchange
rates
with
other
countries’
currencies
fluctuate
so
much
is
that
our
dollar’s
market
value
is
determined
by
the
international
demand
for
dollars
or
dollar-‐denominated
investments
on
any
given
day.
th
Cause
of
inflation
in
the
19
century
A
general
rule
for
both
Credit
Money
and
Fiat
Money
is
that
if
more
of
it
is
introduced
into
the
economy
–
either
printed
or
loaned
out
–
than
the
institution
can
reasonably
expect
to
have
flowing
back
in
–
either
through
returns
on
investments
(Bank
Notes)
or
payments
of
taxes
(Fiat
Money)
–
the
value
of
the
currency
goes
down
relative
to
its
exchange
rate
or
purchasing
power.
As
with
any
increase
in
the
money
supply
that
is
not
backed
by
real
value,
this
results
in
a
rise
in
prices
–
inflation.
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