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INSTA MAINS 2021
EXCLUSIVE
ENVIRONMENT AND
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INSTA MAINS 2021 EXCLUSIVE (ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT)
NOTES
Table of Contents
Environment Protection / Climate Change .................................................. 3
1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FROM SOCIETAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES. ................................................................................................................... 3
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS ............................................... 3
3. ACCLIMATISING TO CLIMATE RISKS ............................................................................. 5
4. CLIMATE CONSCIOUSNESS .......................................................................................... 5
5. CLIMATE IN-JUSTICE .................................................................................................... 6
6. CORAL REEFS AND CLIMATE CHANGE .......................................................................... 7
7. THE POTENTIAL OF INDIA’S CIRCULAR ECONOMY........................................................ 8
8. NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS TO FIGHT CLIMATE CRISIS ............................................... 9
9. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CRISIS ON DAIRY SECTOR .......................................................... 11
10. CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE ................................................................. 12
11. FOREST RESTORATION ........................................................................................... 13
12. CLIMATE RESILIENCE PLANS IN INDIAN CITIES ........................................................ 14
13. TACKLING THE CLIMATE CRISIS .............................................................................. 15
14. PROTECTING INDIA’S NATURAL LABORATORIES ..................................................... 16
15. SEA LEVEL RISE ...................................................................................................... 17
Environmental Pollution ........................................................................... 19
1. MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION .................................................................................... 19
2. PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 20
3. GLOBAL CARBON TAX................................................................................................ 21
4. ECO TAX .................................................................................................................... 22
5. DECARBONISATION ................................................................................................... 23
6. AGING OUT INDIA’S COAL PLANTS ............................................................................. 24
7. ALTERNATIVES TO SMOG TOWERS ............................................................................ 24
8. CUTTING HFC-USE ..................................................................................................... 26
Water Issues ............................................................................................. 27
1. WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA ............................................................................... 27
2. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS IN SOLVING WATER ISSUES ............. 28
3. CONSERVING FRESH WATER SOURCES ...................................................................... 30
4. INDIA’S WATER BEING EXPORTED AS AGRI-EXPORTS ................................................. 31
5. INDIA’S DEEPENING WATER STRESS .......................................................................... 32
Renewable Energy .................................................................................... 34
1. INDIA’S SCOPE AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SOLAR ENERGY ............................................ 34
2. PUSH FOR GREEN HYDROGEN ................................................................................... 34
3. ATTRACTING CAPITAL FOR GREEN TRANSITION ......................................................... 35
4. TRANSITION TOWARDS GREEN TECHNOLOGY ........................................................... 36
5. INDIA’S OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY ............................................................................. 37
6. CHALLENGES TO INDIA’S TRANSFORMATION FROM FOSSIL-FUEL TO RENEWABLE
ENERGY ........................................................................................................................... 39
International Efforts .................................................................................. 40
1. GLOBAL CLIMATE POLICY .......................................................................................... 40
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INSTA MAINS 2021 EXCLUSIVE (ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT)
NOTES
2. GLOBAL METHANE PLEDGE ....................................................................................... 41
3. INDIA’S COMMITMENTS AT THE COP 26 SUMMIT ..................................................... 42
4. INDIA’S LEADERSHIP ON CLIMATE CRISIS ................................................................... 42
5. WHO AIR POLLUTION GUIDELINES ............................................................................ 43
6. FIRST NOBEL FOR CLIMATE SCIENCE ......................................................................... 44
Disaster Management ............................................................................... 46
1. A RESILIENT FUTURE FOR UTTARAKHAND ................................................................. 46
2. DEVELOPMENT THAT IS MINDFUL OF NATURE .......................................................... 46
3. TACKLING GLACIAL BURST ......................................................................................... 48
4. MANAGING RISKS FROM OVERLAPPING HAZARDS .................................................... 49
5. CHENNAI FLOODS ..................................................................................................... 49
6. HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN THE HIMALAYAS............................................................ 51
7. FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF CYCLONES.................................................................... 52
Miscellaneous ........................................................................................... 54
1. A ‘ONE HEALTH’ APPROACH ...................................................................................... 54
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INSTA MAINS 2021 EXCLUSIVE (ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT)
NOTES
Environment Protection / Climate Change
1. Environmental Challenges from Societal and Technological Perspectives
• Mankind’s progress has had unintended consequences on the environment.
• These include climate change, extreme weather events and the reduced availability of potable
water.
• Predictions made back in the 1980s about climate change are starting to come true.
Human Progress and its Impact on Environment
• The layer of ozone is being depleted due to our excessive use of aerosol chemicals.
• Extreme weather events around the world appear to be more common than before.
• Cities like Chennai and Mumbai get flooded during the monsoon, and yet run out of water
later in the year.
• At the current rate of consumption, two-thirds of the world’s population may face water
shortages by 2025.
• This also leads to other issues like the spread of water-borne diseases.
Environmental Challenges in the context of Technology and Society
• Technology is one of the key attributes of today’s human society.
• On one hand, our tech-centred orientation is one of the primary causes of our alienation
from nature.
• On the other, technology can help us cope with the environmental stresses being faced by
human society.
• Technology is one of the major factors inducing environmental pollution.
• To accommodate technological progress, humans have always sacrificed the environment.
• This has led to complex issues like climate change and wide-scale biodiversity loss.
• The United Nations forecasts that there could be up to 1 billion environmental migrants by
2050, mostly from coastal areas.
• Thus, Environmental disturbance is the unintended consequences of human progress.
Way Forward
• We must think about diversification of livelihoods at a community level, building resilience,
and policies for environmental migrants.
• We must redefine the needs of an individual, and understand the reasons behind increasingly
consumeristic lifestyles across the globe.
• It is evident that our challenges related to the environment are interwoven with challenges
from societal, technological and philosophical perspectives.
• We must confront these challenges holistically, and evolve sustainable pathways through
individual, societal and state actions.
2. Implementation of Environmental Safeguards
• Failure to fully implement and enforce the environmental laws is one of the greatest
challenges towards mitigating climate change.
India’s performance in implementation of environmental safeguards:
• Like the Water Act, which was implemented in 1974, a number of laws and regulations have
been existing for more than four decades now, but are proving to be ineffective.
• The systems of accountability have been weakened, so monitoring is a huge problem.
• India secured 168 rank in the 12th edition of the biennial Environment Performance Index
(EPI Index 2020). The country scored 27.6 out of 100 in the 2020 index.
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