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E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400002
ICIES 2020
Environmental education for youth and adults: a bibliometric
analysis of research
Kateryna Onopriienko 1, Volodymyr Onopriienko 2, Yurii Petrushenko 3, and Iryna Onopriienko 4
1
PhD student, Department International Economic Relations, Sumy State University, Ukraine
2Doctor of Pedagogy, Department of Ecology and Botany, Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine
3Doctor of Economics, Department International Economic Relations, Sumy State University, Ukraine
4PhD in Economics, Department of Marketing and Logistics, Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine
Abstract. In recent years there has been a sharp increase in the interest of humanity to environment
preservation. It has become clear that the reckless use of nature will sooner or later lead to a catastrophe that
will have not only environmental, but also economic and social consequences. The article provides a
bibliographic analysis of scientific papers from around the world on the basis of Scopus with the keywords
"environmental education" and "environmental adult education" for the period 1968 - 2019. It was found
that in this regard most attention is paid to the US authors. The scientific works of the authors, who are the
leaders in terms of the number of publications on environmental education of adults, have been studied.
With the help of Vosviewer software it was determined which countries publish the biggest and the smallest
number of scientific papers with the keyword "environmental adult education". Scientific works of domestic
scientists were also analyzed. Adult education is becoming important in addition to the classic concept of
school education. The article analyzes, which fields of science have the biggest and the smallest number of
scientific papers with the keyword "environmental adult education", where social and environmental
sciences became the leaders.
1 Introduction society as a whole, focusing adult education on the
formation of moral values, awareness of their personal
The expediency of environmental education of adults is a role in creating a harmonious relationship between
well-known fact, because the vast majority of countries society and environment.
in one sense or another owe their technological, socio-
cultural and economic progress to this field of education. 2 Analysis of research
In the same way, they represent a vector of their The whole history of human development and the
further socio-economic growth through its development. evolution of education lead to the conclusion that
However, modern realities require a significant learning is the main type of human activity, it is a
acceleration and renewal of the complex of conditions, lifestyle. This became especially clear in the late
the implementation of which directly depends on twentieth and early twenty-first century, when humanity
environmental education of the adult population. finally realized that the main danger to its existence lies
Human development begins with education, not so much in global crises, not in the imperfections of
however, it does not end with school education, but man himself, but in the growing gap between the inner
should last a lifetime. Therefore, the environmental world and competences of man and changes in the
education of youth and adults is gaining new relevance. outside world.
The excessive consumption and production of various Adult education is considered from many angles. Yu.
synthetic substances creates imbalances in nature while Petrushenko et al pay attention to ensuring the quality of
human beings are direct participants in this process. education and equal access to it through life. It combines
Adults apply modern technologies, the power of which several important vectors of adult education: quality,
can be used by incompetent and indifferent people with equity, accessibility, engagement and comprehensive
possible unpredictable consequences. Adults educate the encouragement. Among the factors the author singles out
new generation by passing on knowledge, experience such concept as “Learning to Live Together”. For its
and values from adults to the younger generation. At the analysis he studies such indicators as "participation in
same time, as we know, the educational impact begins the work of voluntary or charitable organizations,
with copying the actions of adults. These positions including the environmental ones, the implementation of
justify the need to raise the level of ecological culture of measures to preserve the natural environment"[1].
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400002
ICIES’2020
ICIES 2020
The definition of environmental education is usually database). In particular, it was noted that techniques in
associated with the first conference on this topic, held in the conservation and management of natural resources
1970 in Carson City (USA, Nevada). The following which have been developed through research and
wording was adopted there: “Environmental education is practical experience are not being adopted on a
a process of a person’s awareness of the value of the widespread scale, partly because of inadequacies in
environment and clarification of the basic provisions education about the environment. The functions of
necessary to obtain the knowledge and skills necessary environmental education are being discussed, the
to understand and recognize the interdependence characteristics of environmental education are being
between a person, his culture and his biophysical outlined. The need for educational research is stressed,
environment. Environmental education also includes the particularly on the relationships between educational
development of practical skills in solving problems objectives and the requirements of society in terms of
related to interaction with the environment, the preparing young people to have a greater sense of
development of behavior that contributes to the awareness of their environment, and of the need for
improvement of the quality of the environment. [2] appropriately trained specialists. The author of the article
At a certain stage it is necessary to study the number is T. Pritchard - a native of Wales, who later migrated to
of bibliographic sources to assess the state of the USA. Therefore, the issue of environmental
development of environmental education of adults. education in the 1960s was raised in America. [1]
Using the "title, abstract, keywords" field of search We can also say that in April 2020 the largest
in the Scopus database, different outcomes in terms of number of studies with the keyword "environmental
the number of papers (conference papers, books, education" was done in the United States, followed by
chapters and articles in the journals) were identified for England and Australia. Ukraine is not a leader in this
search items. The combination of the terms allowed us to rating, which opens new opportunities for the further
gain an understanding of the evolution of the field of study the topic. The data were analyzed by using
study (please see Figure 1), to reveal current and predict Vosviewer software (see Figure 2).
emerging of the new fields of research.
Fig. 1. Publishing trends (number of papers) in the area of
“environmental education” (using Scopus Database). Fig. 2. Networks map between the keywords of articles
published on environmental education.
The trend of using the term "environmental
education" has been growing since 2003. It was in the Examining the phenomenon of America we found
early 2000s that the topic of environment became the that environmental education in the United States has
world issues, which were actively discussed. The two levels: ecological and environmental. They are
concepts of land pollution and global warming were closely related and complementary. The ecological level
studied in schools and universities, beginning to be covers the issues of natural dynamic balances,
introduced in the field of adult education. The first organization of the biosphere, heredity, adaptation and
scientific works were written in the 1960s. changes in nature. At the environmental level special
The bibliographic analysis of the topic revealed the attention is paid to the issues of rational nature
total number of articles written with the keyword management, nature protection and human impact on the
"environmental education" in the Scopus database. As of environment. Skills and abilities are an integral part of
2019, the number of scientific papers was already 9319, education. They are divided into individual and
while only 24 articles with the keyword "environmental exploratory. The former contribute to the effective
adult education" were found. Therefore, it should be understanding of environmental knowledge, the latter are
noted that the issue of environmental adult education is aimed at mastering the methods of independent creative
insufficiently disclosed at the global level, which research by pupils and students. Every school, university
determines the relevance of the chosen topic. and adult educational institution has an environmental
The first article with the keyword "environmental discipline. Students have the right to choose it or not, but
education" was written in 1968 (according to the Scopus
2
E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400002
ICIES’2020 ICIES’2020
ICIES 2020
The definition of environmental education is usually database). In particular, it was noted that techniques in in 90% of cases young people participate in various the changing context of the 'environment' in ESD
associated with the first conference on this topic, held in the conservation and management of natural resources types of environmental projects [3]. discourses. In particular, we need to respond to the
1970 in Carson City (USA, Nevada). The following which have been developed through research and recent UNESCO direction of global citizenship
wording was adopted there: “Environmental education is practical experience are not being adopted on a 2.1 Bibliometric analysis by authors education that continues to reinforce an instrumentalist
a process of a person’s awareness of the value of the widespread scale, partly because of inadequacies in view of the environment as part of contributing to 'a
environment and clarification of the basic provisions education about the environment. The functions of After analyzing the number of articles with the keyword more just, peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, secure and
necessary to obtain the knowledge and skills necessary environmental education are being discussed, the "environmental education" we identified the top 10 sustainable world”. [4]
to understand and recognize the interdependence characteristics of environmental education are being authors who publish their research on this topic. These In turn, Kopnina H. notes the following view on the
between a person, his culture and his biophysical outlined. The need for educational research is stressed, included Fien J., Gough A, Kopnina H. and others. (see issue: “Building on the Millennium Development Goals,
environment. Environmental education also includes the particularly on the relationships between educational Figure 3) Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and
development of practical skills in solving problems objectives and the requirements of society in terms of Education for Sustainable Development Goals (ESDG).
related to interaction with the environment, the preparing young people to have a greater sense of Despite the willingness of many educational institutions
development of behavior that contributes to the awareness of their environment, and of the need for worldwide to embrace the SDGs, given escalating
improvement of the quality of the environment. [2] appropriately trained specialists. The author of the article sustainability challenges we question whether ESDG is
At a certain stage it is necessary to study the number is T. Pritchard - a native of Wales, who later migrated to desirable as “an education for the future”. Many
of bibliographic sources to assess the state of the USA. Therefore, the issue of environmental challenges outlined by the SDGs are supposed to be
development of environmental education of adults. education in the 1960s was raised in America. [1] solved by “inclusive” or “sustainable” economic growth,
Using the "title, abstract, keywords" field of search We can also say that in April 2020 the largest assuming that economic growth can be conveniently
in the Scopus database, different outcomes in terms of number of studies with the keyword "environmental decoupled from resource consumption. Yet, the current
the number of papers (conference papers, books, education" was done in the United States, followed by hegemony of the sustainability-through-growth paradigm
chapters and articles in the journals) were identified for England and Australia. Ukraine is not a leader in this has actually increased inequalities and pressure on
search items. The combination of the terms allowed us to rating, which opens new opportunities for the further natural resources, exacerbating biodiversity loss, climate
gain an understanding of the evolution of the field of study the topic. The data were analyzed by using change and resulting social tensions. With unreflective
study (please see Figure 1), to reveal current and predict Vosviewer software (see Figure 2). support for growth, far from challenging the status quo,
emerging of the new fields of research. the SDGs and consequently, the ESDGs, condone
Fig. 3. The top 10 contributing authors in the area of continuing environmental exploitation, depriving
environmental education (Scopus Database), full counting. millions of species of their right to flourish, and
impoverishing future generations. We create greater
In his research, Fien J. notes that many awareness of the paradoxes of sustainable development
environmental problems are desperately in need of and encourage teaching for sustainability through
attention. Educating both adults and young people is various examples of alternative education that
seen as part of the solution to such problems. Given this emphasizes planetary ethic and degrowth. The
situation, and the already considerable investment alternatives include Indigenous learning, ecopedagogy,
in environmental education in schools, the notion of ecocentric education, education for steady-state and
encouraging students to initiate environmental circular economy, empowerment and liberation”. [5]
discussions with adults at home and in the community N. Thiengkamol conducts his research in the field of
seems attractive and worthy of investigation. Education environmental adult education and defines the concept of
and social science are viewed as literature concerning Environmental Education Characteristics. In his works
intergenerational influence. An approach is outlined to the author notes that Environmental Education
Fig. 1. Publishing trends (number of papers) in the area of guide future efforts in research and program Characteristics (EECs) are features for environmental
“environmental education” (using Scopus Database). Fig. 2. Networks map between the keywords of articles development aimed at encouraging students to act as educator or environmental education volunteer should
published on environmental education. catalysts of environmental communication and learning have public mind to serve community and society in
The trend of using the term "environmental beyond school boundaries. [3] terms of awareness and consciousness raising, attitude,
education" has been growing since 2003. It was in the Examining the phenomenon of America we found In his works, Gough A. studies environmental belief and behavior changing through knowledge giving
early 2000s that the topic of environment became the that environmental education in the United States has education and education for sustainable development activities. The lack of evidence for confirmation of
world issues, which were actively discussed. The two levels: ecological and environmental. They are (ESD). The author notes that changing ways of EECs, it needs to employ the experts in environmental
concepts of land pollution and global warming were closely related and complementary. The ecological level “environment” represent in the discourses of education field to validate. Environmental education
studied in schools and universities, beginning to be covers the issues of natural dynamic balances, environmental education and education for sustainable expert refers to the person who graduated at doctoral
introduced in the field of adult education. The first organization of the biosphere, heredity, adaptation and development in the United Nations. It draws on the degree in the environmental education field or related
scientific works were written in the 1960s. changes in nature. At the environmental level special writings of Jean-Luc Nancy and discusses the field and has experience at least 5 years in research or
The bibliographic analysis of the topic revealed the attention is paid to the issues of rational nature increasingly dominant view of the environment as a teaching or holding training environmental education
total number of articles written with the keyword management, nature protection and human impact on the natural resource base for economic and social program in this field. Environmental education
"environmental education" in the Scopus database. As of environment. Skills and abilities are an integral part of development and how this instrumentalisation of nature principles cover knowledge and understanding on
2019, the number of scientific papers was already 9319, education. They are divided into individual and is produced by discourses and ecotechnologies that environmental issues, awareness raising, attitude and
while only 24 articles with the keyword "environmental exploratory. The former contribute to the effective identify and define the natural realm in our relationship behavioral changing including valuating ability, skill
adult education" were found. Therefore, it should be understanding of environmental knowledge, the latter are with it. This denaturation of nature is reflected in the development and participation. [6]
noted that the issue of environmental adult education is aimed at mastering the methods of independent creative priorities for sustainable development discussed at The works of M. Krasny are focused on urban
insufficiently disclosed at the global level, which research by pupils and students. Every school, university Rio+20 and proposed successor UNESCO projects. They environmental education. The researcher emphasizes that
determines the relevance of the chosen topic. and adult educational institution has an environmental argue for the need to reassert the intrinsic value of urban environmental education encompasses place-based
The first article with the keyword "environmental discipline. Students have the right to choose it or not, but 'environment' in education discourses and discusses and action-oriented stewardship practices, including
education" was written in 1968 (according to the Scopus strategies for so doing. It is intended as a wake-up call to community gardening and vegetable production, often
with the dual goals of developing youth and community
3
E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400002
ICIES’2020
ICIES 2020
assets. Yet in-depth understanding of how these goals of education, upbringing, personal development, should
are achieved is lacking. Using narrative inquiry, we be aimed at the formation of environmental culture as
explored participant experiences in a multi-year part of the system of national and civic education of all
agriculture internship program conducted by the food segments of Ukraine’s population (including
justice organization East New York Farms! (ENYF) in environmental education through public environmental
Brooklyn, NY. Emerging from our conversations with organizations and adult education), ecologization of
youth were five themes defining their intern experience: academic disciplines and training programs, as well as
ENYF as somewhere to belong, to be pushed, to grapple professional environmental training through basic
with complexity, to practice leadership, and to become environmental education. According to the author, the
yourself. We propose a theory of change that emphasizes subject of environmental education is the problem of
politicized notions of caring as a foundation for environmental education and upbringing, while the
cultivating developmental assets, including competence, subject of cultural ecology - the problem of the influence
contribution, and critical consciousness, among youth of nature on culture, in the narrow sense - the
who participate in ENYF programs multiple years. [7] preservation of the cultural environment. Ecological
The study found that the articles (only 24 items) with education of youth and adults and the ecology of culture
the keyword "environmental adult education" were also are an important part of education because they help to
dominated by authors from the United States. form the continuity and reproducibility of ecological
In particular, Fitzwilliams-Heck C. J. notes: “The knowledge. [11,12]
study conceptualizes environmental adult education as L. Lukyanova’s scientific works are focused on the
an engaging, inclusive, and active educational approach problems of ecological education and didactic principles
influenced and shaped by multiple disciplines and of ecological education of adults. In particular, she notes
theories, that informs and empowers adult learners. that the importance of ecological education of adults
While educators can transform learning experiences into increases taking into account modern socio-economic
the understanding and action of adults to address the root factors and raising ecological educational standards. Age
causes and possible responses that will eliminate triggers features, which must be taken into account in the process
of environmental problems, few actual environmental of organizing environmental education for adults, are
adult education experiences have been examined to becoming increasingly important. We distinguish three
date”. [8] groups of principles (general didactic, environmental
Considering art as a tool of environmental adult education and andragogical and fundamental principles
education Walter P. mentions: “The potential of the arts of adult education). [13]
is an instrument of environmental adult education, of I. Shepenyuk defines environmental education as one
creative subversion, of public intervention and of of the parts of continuing education. In her research, the
engagement that confronts, includes, mobilizes, author notes that the XXI century is witnessing two
educates, and challenges for a better world. That is, it types of development, transformation or changes. The
opens up democratic, political space for dialogue when first type is a scientific, technological and physical
this is denied to citizens”. [9] development. The second one includes social, cultural
According to Alsaadat K., environmental education and spiritual changes. The tempo of these two
is a process in which individuals gain awareness of their transformations is different, they develop at different
environment and acquire knowledge, skills, values, speeds. Technological development is almost always
experiences, and also the determination, which will ahead of social changes. This discrepancy creates a gap
enable them to act - individually and collectively - to that widens over time. Adult education is one of the most
solve present and future environmental problems. EE is a effective tools for teaching people how to best
complex process, covering not just events, but a strong communicate and how to prepare for future challenges.
underlying approach to society building as a whole. EE [14]
provides people with the awareness needed to build I. Koinova focuses on the forms of environmental
partnerships, understand NGO activities, develop education. The author notes that at the present stage a
participatory approaches to urban planning, and ensure combination of formal and non-formal environmental
future markets for eco-business.in conjunction with this education for young people and adults is more effective
issue comes environmental adult education which brings and efficient. It is expedient to introduce it by carrying
an ecological perspective to studies of adult learning by out various actions, travels, camps, trainings, the
concretizing the interconnections between people's organization of study groups and clubs, research work of
experiences of environmental deterioration and youth. These two forms of environmental education must
recognition of the destructive powers of the global complement each other to form environmental awareness
economy. [10] and culture of the population.
Therefore, we see that the research of scientists has The church can offer ecological education for the
different vectors, which in one way or another intersect adult population and a change in our irrational way of
in the concept of "environmental adult education". life to a nature-oriented one. Pope Benedict XVI in his
Many domestic scientists deal with the issue of encyclical "The Price of Truth" states that economic
“environmental education”: Onopriienko V., Lukyanova means or education alone will not be enough to preserve
L., Shepenyuk I., Koinova I., Zagorsky V. and others. nature. These means are important, but the decisive
Onopriienko V. notes that environmental education, factor is the "holistic moral attitude of society", and
as a holistic cultural phenomenon, includes the processes therefore a high environmental culture. Priests should
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