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                                                                Ecology class 12 ncert pdf
    cbse new sample documents 2021cbse exam cards, question bank, ncert solutions, ncert examples, revison notes, free video, cbse cards, mcq test and more. download nowthe ecosystem class 12 notes biology in pdf are available for free download in the mycbseguide mobile app. the best application for cbse students
    now provides ecosystem class 12 notes last chapter wise notes for rapid preparation of cbse board exams and annual school-based exams. chapter 14 ecosystem biology notes are also available for download on the cbse guide website. the biologycbse guide notes are the complete notes that cover the last program of
    cbse and ncert. includes all the topics mentioned in the textbook of biology of the ncert class 12. users can download the quick revision notes guide cbse from mycbseguide mobile app and my cbse guide site. class 12 notes of biology chapter 14 ecosystem downloads notes of revision of the cbse class for chapter 14
    ecosystem in pdf format free. downloads revision notes for ecosystem class 12 notes and high score in exams. These are the notes of the ecosystem class 12 prepared by the team of experienced teachers. revision notes help to review the entire chapter 14 in a few minutes. Review notes on examination days is one of
    the best advice recommended by teachers during examination days. download revision notes as pdfcbse class 12 biology revision notes chapter 14 ecosystem ecosystem is the functional unity of nature in which living organisms interact with each other and alsosurrounding physical environment. Ecosystem Structure
    and Functions: There are two fundamental categories of ecosystem, namely the Earth and water. Earth Ecosystem – forest, grasslands, desert etc. Water ecosystem – ponds, lake, river estuary etc. The biotic and abiotic factors of the ecosystem work in an integrated way for the energy flow within the ecosystem
    components. The interaction of biotic and abiotic components results in a physical structure that is characteristic for every type of ecosystem. The vertical distribution of different species that occupy different levels is called stratification. For example, trees occupy upper vertical layers or layer of a forest, shrubs the second
    and herbs and herbs occupy the lower layers. The components of the ecosystem that are seen as functional units are(i) Productivity (iii) Decomposition (iii) Energy flow (iv) Nutrial Cycling.· Productivity- Primary production is defined as the quantity of biomass or organic matter produced by unit area over a period of time
    by plants during photosynthesis. It is expressed in terms of weight (g –2 ) or energy (kcal m–2 ). The biomass production rate is called productivity. It is expressed in terms of g –2 yr –1 or (kcal m–2 ) yr –1. It can be divided into gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP). GPP of an ecosystem is
    the organic matter production rate during photosynthesis and NPP is the remaining biomass after breathing–R = NPPNPP is the biomass available for heterotrophic consumption. Secondary productivity is defined as the rate of training of new organic matter by consumers. Decomposition- distribution of complex organic
    matter in inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and nutrients is called decomposition. The dead plants remain as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remains of animals constitute the debris. The decomposition involves the fragmentation of the steps, leaching, catabolism, humiliation and mineralization.
    Fragmentation of Detritus: Detritivories feed on debris — break — increases the surface of debris particles by microbial action. Leaching: Soluble inorganic nutrients dissolve in water -- percolate through the soil - removed due to leaching action. Catabolism: Decomposers (drums, fungi) releases enzymes — decompose
    debris — simpler inorganic compounds. Humification: simplified debris – converted into humus – Humus is a Dark and Amorph substance. – Highly resistant to microbial action – emphasizes decomposition very slowly. – Conservation of nutrients (due to colloidal nature)5. Mineralization: Humus is degraded – releases
    inorganic substances (CO2, H2O etc.) and nutrients (Ca2+, Mg2+,K+ etc.) Vectors that affect the Decomposition rate:1. Chemical composition – the decomposition rate will be slow when debris is rich in lignin and chitin and increases the rate when debris is rich in nitrogen and soluble substances in water like
    sugar.2.warm and humid environment favor decomposition and low temperature and anaerobiosis inhibit decomposition. Energy flow All living organisms depend on their food from producers, directly or indirectly. There is a unidirectional flow of energy from the sun to producers and then to consumers. Photosintetically
    active radiation (PAR) is responsible for plant food synthesis. Animals get their food from plants, so they are called consumers. The process of eating and eating is called a food chain where energy flows from producers to consumers. In glass food chain (GFC)-The debris food chain begins (DFC) with dead organic
    matter. It consists of decomposers that are heterotrophic organisms (fungi and bacteria). These are also known as saprotrophies (sapro: decompose). Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes that disrupt dead materials and waste into simple and inorganic materials, which are subsequently absorbed by them. The
    natural interconnection of the food chain forms the food network. Based on the source of food, the body occupies a specific place in the food chain which is known as the trophic level. Each tropic level has a certain mass of living material in particular time called as standing crop. It is measured as a biomass of living
    organism or number in unitary area. The number of trophic levels in the grazing food chain is limited as the energy transfer follows 10 percent law which is only 10 percent of energy is transferred to each trophic level from belowLevel. In GFC, as a result of the trophic levels are possible- producer, herbivore, primary
    carnivore, secondary carnivore. Ecological Pyramids The ecological pyramid is the graphic representation of an ecological parameter (number, biomass, energy) wise sequence in various trophic levels of a food chain with the producers at the base and herbivores at the center and carnivores at the upper levels. It can be
    vertical, reversed, or spindle-shaped. Three common ecological pyramids) Number Pyramids- employs the number of individuals per unitary area at various trophic levels with producer at the base and various consumers at later higher levels. It's usually wrong. A number pyramid in case of a large tree is generally
    reversed due to the number of insects feeding on that tree generally exceeds in number.b) The biomass pyramids represent biomass in various trophic levels. A mass pyramid is erected except in the aquatic food chain that involves short lived plankton. A biomass pyramid in the sea is generally reversed because the
    biomass of the fishes generally exceeds that of phytoplankton.c) Pyramids of energy- that give graphics of the amount of energy trapped by different trophic levels per unitary area. The pyramid of energy is always erect, it can never be reversed, because when energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic
    level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step, for example in power, digestion, assimilation and breathing. Ecological succession The gradualchange quite predictable in the composition of the species of a given area is called ecological succession. During the succession some species colonize an area and their
    population becomes more numerous while the population of other species declines and disappears. The orderly and sequential change that leads to a community that is close to balance is called climax community. The whole sequence of communities that subsequently change in a given area is called serene and the
    individual transition communities are called the evening phase or evening communities. Ecoloic Succession: Primary sucsesion, secondary succession. Primary succession begins when there are no organisms. For example bare rocks, cooled volcano etc. Secondary succession occurs in the area where living organisms
    have lost due to some regions such as forest fire. Earthquake, etc. Succession of plants Based on the nature of the habitat, the succession of plants can be grouped as-or Hydrach succession takes place in wetter zone and the sequence series progress from hydric to the months conditions.o Xerarch's succession takes
    place in dry areas and the xeric series progresses on a monthly basis. The species that invade a naked area are called pioneer species. In primary succession on lychenic rocks are pioneer species that secrete acids to dissolve the rock for the weather to form the soil. In primary succession in water, the pioneer species
    are the small phytoplanktons which are replaced by free floating angiospermi. Primary successionslow process as soil is not available for pioneering species, but secondary succession is relatively faster due to soil availability or other nutrients. A climax community is reached much faster in case of secondary succession.
    Nutrition The movement of nutrients through the various components of an ecosystem is called nutrient cycling. It is also called as biogeochemical cycles. There are two types of nutrient cycles - gaseous - exist in the atmosphere. Sedimental - exists in the earth's crust. Environmental factors such as soil, moisture, pH,
    temperature regulate the rate of nutrient release in the atmosphere. The reservoir function is to meet the deficit that occurs due to imbalance in the influx and efflux rate. Carbon cycle Carbon cycling takes place through the atmosphere, the ocean and through living and dead organisms. Most carbon is fixed by plants
    during the photosynthesis process and returns to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 during breathing. Wood burning, forest fire and combustion of organic matter, fossil fuels and volcanic activity are other sources of CO2 release in the atmosphere. Phosphorus cycle The natural phosphorus reservoir is the rock that
    contains phosphorus in the form of phosphates. On weather, the minimum amount of phosphates dissolve in the solution of the soil and absorbed by the roots of the plants. The waste products of dead organisms are decomposed by bacteria to release phosphorus. The gaseous exchange between organism and
    environment iscompared to carbon. Phosphorus CycleEcosystem Services Ecosystem process products are called ecosystem services. It includes: the healthy forest ecosystem cleanses air and water. Floods and drought Cycle nutrients. Provide natural habitats. Maintain biodiversity etc. Researchers have put an
    average price rate of 33 trillion dollars a year on these basic ecosystem services that are granted because they are free, although its value is twice as much of the global gross national product (GNP). Ecosystem 12 Notes BiologyCBSE Revision Notes (PDF Download) FreeCBSE Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology
    PDFCBSE Revision Notes Class 12 Biology – CBSECBSE Revision Notes and Key Points Class 12 BiologyNCERT Book Summary All Chapters in Biology Class 12Short Notes for CBSE Class 12 BiologyOffers of Eye and Summary Chapter of the Class Biology 12 Review notes for CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and
    Key PointsEcosystem class 12 Notes Biology. CBSE Quick Review Note by Class-12 Chemistry Physics Math, Biology and other subject are very useful to review the whole program during examination days. The revision notes concern all the important formulas and concepts set out in the chapter. Although you want to
    have an overview of a chapter, the quick review notes are here to do if for you. These notes will save your time during stressful examination days. To download Ecosystem class 12 Notes Biology Samplefor the class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science,
    Home Science, Accounting, Business Studies and Home Science; check the myCBSEguide application or website. myCBSEguide provides sample documents with solution, test documents for the practical chapter, NCERT Ecosystem, NCERT Exemplar Ecosystem, quick review notes for ready reference, CBSE test
    documents and important CBSE discussion documents. Example All documents are made available through the best application for CBSE students and the myCBSEguide site. website. ecology class 12 ncert notes. ecology class 12 ncert notes pdf. human ecology and family science class 12 ncert pdf. ncert class 12
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