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                Over the years, Environment and Ecology have been evolved as one of the most important 
                topics of UPSC and state PCS exams. ‘Environmental conventions and protocols’ are 
                important topics of environmental studies. So, in order to boost up your preparation, we are 
                sharing with you the important notes on Environment conventions and protocols. 
                              Environmental Conventions and Protocols 
                 Convention              Year of establishment  Purpose                  Remarks 
                                                                                         · Also known as 
                                                                                         Waterfowl 
                                                                 For the conservation    convention. 
                 Ramsar Convention       1971                    and sustainable         · India is a part of it. 
                                                                 utilization of wetlands · There are currently 
                                                                                         27 Ramsar sites in 
                                                                                         India 
                 Stockholm                                       International           · UNEP was the result 
                 Declaration             1972                    protection of the       of it. 
                                                                 environment 
                 Convention on                                   Control or prevent      · also known as 
                 International Trade in                          international           Washington 
                 Endangered species      1973                    commercial trade in     Convention 
                 of Wild flora                                   endangered species or 
                                                                 products derived from · Legally binding 
                 and fauna (CITES)                               them. 
                                                                 For achieving           · on the 10th 
                 Nairobi Declaration     1982                    sustainable             anniversary of 
                                                                 developments.           Stockholm. 
                                                                 For the protection of   · It does not include 
                 Vienna convention       1985                    the ozone layer         legally binding 
                                                                                         reduction goals 
                                                                                         · It is a protocol to the 
                                                                                         Vienna Convention 
                                                                                         for the Protection of 
                                                                                         Ozone Layer 
                                                                                         · Universal treaty 
                                                                 To control Ozone-       (Ratified by all UN 
                 Montreal Protocol       1987                    depleting Substances  countries) 
                                                                                         · Legally binding 
                                                                                         · Target only ozone-
                                                                                         depleting substances 
                                                                                         (Not GHG i.e. Hydro 
                                                                                         Fluorocarbons) 
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                                                              Sustainable            · gave the concept of 
                Brundtland Report      1987                   Development            "sustainable 
                                                                                     development" 
                                                                                     · It is a product of 
                                                                                     Earth Summit, 1992 
                Agenda 21              1992                   Sustainable            · Agenda 21 refers to 
                                                              Development            the 21st Century. 
                                                                                     · Non-binding 
                                                                                     · Environmental treaty 
                                                                                     produced at the Earth 
                                                                                     Summit, 1992. 
                                                              Reducing emissions     · Secretariat: Bonn, 
                                                              of greenhouse gases    Germany 
                UNFCCC                 1992                   in order to combat 
                                                              global warming.        · legally non-binding 
                                                                                     · Kyoto Protocol was 
                                                                                     negotiated under this 
                                                                                     framework. 
                                                              Three main goals:      · Legally binding 
                                                              1. Conservation of     · USA has signed but 
                                                              biological diversity   not ratified 
                                                              (or biodiversity); 
                Convention on                                                        · The two protocols to 
                Biological Diversity   1992                   2. Sustainable use of  CBD are:  
                (CBD)                                         its components;        (a) Cartagena Protocol 
                                                              3. Fair and equitable  on Biosafety, 2000  
                                                              distribution of        (b) Nagoya Protocol 
                                                              benefits arising from  (Biodiversity Accord), 
                                                              genetic resources      2010 
                 
                
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