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e-ISSN : 26203502
InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall JJoouurrnalnal oonn InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon
p-ISSN : 26153785
HHuummanan R Reessoouurrccee MMananageagemmeennt Pt Prracacttiicceess aanndd O Orrggaanniizzatiationonalal G Grroowwthth:
A Theoretical Perspective
Kabari, John Baribor, Ph.D
DDDeeepppaaartrtrtmmmeeentntnt of P of P of Publublubliiiccc A A Adddmmmiiinininissstttrararatttiiion, Eon, Eon, Ebonbonbonyyyiii S S Stttaaattteee U U Unnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy, A, A, Abbbaaakikikillliiikkkiii, N, N, Niiigggeeeriririaaa
Abstract: HHHumumumaaan n n ReReResssououourcrcrceee (H(H(HRRR) ) ) tttodododaaayyy hahahasss aaan n n iiincncncrrreeedididiblblbleee oppooppoopportrtrtuniuniunitttyyy tttooo iiincncncrerereaaassseee iiitttsss iiimmmpapapacccttt ononon
orgaorgaorgannniiizzzaaatttiiionaonaonalll pepeperforforformrmrmaaancncnceee aaand nd nd bebebecccooommmeee aaa tttrrrueueue ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc papaparrrtttnenener r r bbbyyy cccontontontririributbutbutiiingngng tttooo ttthehehe
organizational and work k k dededesssiiigggnnn ccchahahalllllleeennngegegesss ttthhhaaattt eeenananablblbleee orororgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiiooonananalll gggrowrowrowttth. h. h. TTThihihisss papapapppeeer r r
eeexxxaaammmiiinenened d d ttthehehe tttheheheoreoreoretttiiicccaaalll pepepersrsrspepepeccctttiiivevevesss of of of SSStttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc HHHumumumaaan n n ReReResssourourourccceee MMMaaanananagggeeemmmeeennnttt PPPrararaccctttiiiccceeesss
(S(S(SHHHRMRMRMPPP))). . . AAA nananarrarrarratttiiiveveve aaapproapproapproaccchhh hahahasss aaadddoptoptopteeed d d aaannn aaatttttteeemmmptptpt tttooo dradradrawww aaa rererelllaaatttiiionononssshihihip p p bebebetttwwweeeeeennn SSSHHHRMRMRMPPP
and organizatiiionaonaonalll gggrowrowrowttth. h. h. OOOtttheheher r r rererelllaaattteeeddd wwworksorksorks wwwririritttttteeennn bbbyyy dididiffffffeeerrreeennnttt aaauuuttthorshorshors wwweeererere rererevivivieeewwweeed. d. d. TTThehehe
fififindindindingngngsss cccouloulould d d bebebe gggeeenenenerararallllllyyy ssstttaaattteeed d d ttto o o HHHR R R prprpraaaccctttiiiccceeesss hahahaveveve aaa veveverrryyy ssstttrrrongongong rrreeelllaaatttiiionsonsonshihihippp wwwiiittth h h
orgaorgaorgannniiizzzaaatttiiionaonaonalll gggrowrowrowttth. h. h. TTThehehe iiimmmplplpliiicccaaatttiiiooon n n iiisss ttthahahattt orgorgorgaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons mmmuuusssttt usususeee ttthhheeeiiir r r humhumhumaaan n n rereresssooources
eeeffffffeeeccctttiiivevevelllyyy ttto o o llliiimmmiiittt ttthehehe wwwaaasssttteee ttthahahattt ocococcccuuursrsrs wwwhehehen n n vavavallluauauablblbleee humhumhumaaan n n rereresssououourcrcrceeesss aaarrreee usususeeed d d poorlpoorlpoorlyyy, , , sssaaayyy,,,
without adequate on-the-jjjob ob ob tttrararaiiininininnnggg or or or pppromromromotototiiion. on. on. GGGiiiveveven n n ttthehehe iiinnncccrerereaaassseeeddd eeemmmphaphaphasssiiisss on on on HHHRRR
praprapraccctttiiiccceeesss,,, HHHR R R mmmaaannnaaagggeeerrrsss mmmusususttt undeundeunderrrssstttaaandndnd ttthehehe cccririritttiiicccaaalll nananatttureureure aaannnddd utututmmmosososttt importance of the
eeeffffffeeeccctttiiivevevenenenessssss ooof f f HHHR R R ppprararaccctttiiiccceeesss sssucucuchhh aaasss tttrararaiiininininnnggg,,, plplplaaanninninningngng,,, rrreeewwwaaard,rd,rd, rrreeecccrrruiuiuitttmmmeeennnttt,,, ssseeellleeeccctttiiiooon n n aaannnddd
prompromototiion ion inn c crreeaattiinngg va vallueue for for tthhee ororgaganinizzaattiion.on.
Keywords: SHRM, HRM, OOrrggaanniizzaattiionaonall G Growrowtthh
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I. Introduction
SSStttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc humhumhumaaan n n rrreeesssourcourcourceeesss mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeentntnt (S(S(SHHHRMRMRM))) iiinvolnvolnvolvevevesss dededesssiiigggninininnnggg aaannnd d d iiimmmplplpleeemmmeeentntntiiingngng aaa ssseeettt ofofof
iiintntnteeernarnarnallllllyyy ccconsonsonsiiisssttteeentntnt polpolpoliiiccciiieeesss aaannnd d d prprpraaaccctttiiiccceeesss ttthahahattt eeennnsssureureure ttthehehe humhumhumaaan n n cccaaapppiiitttaaalll ofofof an organization
contributes ttto o o ttthehehe aaaccchihihieeevvveeemmmeeentntnt ofofof ttthhheee busbusbusiiinenenessssss obobobjjjeeeccctttiiivevevesss. . . HHHuuummmaaannn rereresssououourcrcrceee mmmaaanananagegegemmmeeentntnt (H(H(HRMRMRM) ) )
iiisss aaa ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc aaannnd d d cccoheoheoherererennnttt aaapproppropproaaaccchhh tttooo ttthehehe mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeentntnt of of of aaan n n orororgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiion’on’on’sss mmmosososttt vavavalllueueued d d aaasssssseeetttsss -
tthehe pepeooplplee wwoorkirkinngg tthheerere wwho ho iindindivividuaduallllyy aandnd ccolollleeccttiivevellyy ccoontntriributbutee ttoo tthehe aacchihieevevemmeenntt oof f iittss
objobjobjeeeccctttiiivvveeesss (A(A(Armrmrmssstttrororonnnggg, , , 2006). 2006). 2006). SSStttooorerereyyy (1989) (1989) (1989) rereregagagarderderdeddd HHHRMRMRM aaasss aaa ssseeettt of of of iiintntnteeerrerrerrelllaaattteeed d d polpolpoliiiccciiieeesss wwwiiittthhh
aaan n n iiidededeooolllooogggiiicccaaalll aaand nd nd phiphiphilllooosssophiophiophicccaaalll undeundeunderrrpipipinninninninnnggg. . . InInIn ttthhhiiisss aaagggeee of of of rararapppiiid d d ttteeeccchhhnnnololologogogiiicccaaalll dededevvveeelllopmopmopmeeentntnt,,,
the importance of hummaan n reressouourcrceess holholdds tthehe kekeyy tto o tthhee ddeevevellopmopmeentnt aand nd ggrorowwtth h oof f aann
orgaorganniizzaattiion. on. SSttraratteeggiicc h humumaan n reressourourcce management is a new approach, tthhaatt hehellpsps iin n aalliiggnininngg tthhee
ssskikikillllllsss pre pre pressseeentntnt i i in tn tn thhheee eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss w w wiiittth th th thehehe gggoaoaoalllsss t t to bo bo beee a a accchihihieeevvveeeddd b b byyy t t thehehe or or orgagaganininizzzaaatttiiion.on.on.
Strategic humaaan n n rereresssououourcrcrceee mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeentntnt cccaaannn bebebe dddeeefffiiinnneeeddd aaasss ttthehehe llliiinkinkinkingngng of of of humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourcourcourceeesss wwwiiittth h h
ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc gggoaoaoalllsss aaand nd nd objobjobjeeeccctttiiivevevesss (B(B(Boxoxoxaaallllll, , , 1992), 1992), 1992), In In In aaannn orororgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiion, on, on, ssstttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc humhumhumaaan n n rrreeesssourcourcourceee
management functions aaasss aaa ssstttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc papapartrtrtnenener r r iiin n n ttthehehe formformformulululaaatttiiion on on aaand nd nd iiimmmplplpleeemmmeeentntntaaatttiiion on on of of of aaannn
orgaorgaorgannniiizzzaaatttiiion’son’son’s ssstttrararattteeegggiiieeesss ttthroughroughrough h h humhumhumaaannn rrreeesssourcourcourceee aaaccctttiiivivivitttiiieeesss sssucucuch h h aaasss rererecccrrruiuiuitttiiingngng, , , ssseeellleeeccctttiiinnnggg, , , tttrrraaaiiininininnng g g
aand nd rerewwaardirdinngg pepersrsonneonnell (S(Siinhanha,, 2014).2014). SSHHRMRM iiss dedessiigngneedd ttoo hehellp p ororggaanniizzaattiionsons bebesstt mmeeeett tthhee
neneeeddss of of ttheheiir r eemmplplooyyeeeess wwhihillee proprommoottiingng orgaorganinizzaattiion on ggoaoallss. . SSHHRMRM rerequiquireress tthihinnkikingng aahheeaad,d,
aaand nd nd plplplaaannnninininnnggg wwwaaayyysss for for for aaan n n orgaorgaorgannniiizzzaaatttiiion on on tttooo bebebetttttteeer r r mmmeeeeeettt ttthehehe neneneeeedsdsds ooof f f iiitttsss eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss, , , aaannnd d d for for for ttthhheee
eemmplplooyyeeeess t to beo betttteer r mmeeeett t thehe ne neeeddss of t of thehe o orrggaanniizzaattiion.on.
Organizations ttthahahattt wwwork ork ork hahaharrrd d d ttto o o mmmeeeeeettt ttthehehe neneneeeedsdsds of of of ttthhheeeiiir r r eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss cccaaan n n cccuuullltttiiivavavattteee aaa wwwooorkrkrk
aaatttmmmosososphephephererere ccconduconduconduciiivvveee ttto o o proproproducducductttiiivivivitttyyy aaannnd d d growgrowgrowttthhh. . . SSSHHHRMRMRM iiisss ttthehehe bebebesssttt wwwaaayyy ttto o o aaaccchihihieeevvveee ttthihihisss. . . BBBeeeiiinnnggg
aaablblbleee tttooo plplplaaan n n forforfor ttthehehe hhheeeaaadddsss of of of eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss bbbyyy ttthihihinkinkinkinnnggg aaaheheheaaad d d cccaaannn hhheeelllp p p ttto o o iiimmmppprrroveoveove ttthehehe rararattteee ofofof skilled
eemmplplooyyeeeess, , wwho ho cchhososee ttoo wwork ork ffor or tthehe ororggaanniizzaattiioon. n. IImmpprorovivinngg tthehe eemmplplooyyeeeess’ ’ rreetteentntiion on rarattee ccaan n
rerereddducucuceee ttthehehe mmmoooneneneyyy ooorrrgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons ssspepepennnddd on on on fififindindindinnnggg aaand nd nd tttrararaiiininininnnggg nenenewww eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss. . . UUUndendenderrrssstttaaannndididinnng g g
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teterrmmss ofof CCrreeaattiivvee CCoommmmoonnss AAtttrtriibbuutitioonn LiLicceennssee (C(CCC BBYY).T).To o vviieeww aa ccooppyy ooff ththiiss
lliicceennssee,, v viissiitt h httpttpss:/:///ccrreeaatitivveeccoommmmononss.o.orrg/g/lliicceennsseess//bbyy//44..00//
e-ISSN : 26203502
InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall JJoouurrnalnal oonn InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon
p-ISSN : 26153785
tthehe potpoteentntiiaall of of aann ororgaganinizzaattiion^on^ reressourcourceess aand nd optoptiimmiizziingng tthhee outoutputput of of ssucuch h reressourourcceess, , pprovirovidedess
aaan n n iiimmmpepepetttususus for for for HHHR R R tttooo bbbeeecccomomomeee ttthehehe kekekeyyy sssourcourcourceee ooof f f cccrerereaaatttiiingngng ttthehehe cccooommmpppeeetttiiitttiiiveveve aaadvadvadvantntntaaagegege for for for ttthehehe
organization (Sunil, 2003).
GGGrororowwwttth ih ih isss s s somomomeeettthihihing forng forng for wwwhihihiccchhh m m mooosssttt or or orgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiiooonsnsns, l, l, laaargrgrgeee o o or r r sssmmmaaallllll, s, s, stttrrriiiveveve... S S Smmmaaallllll fi fi firmrmrmsss w w waaannnttt ttto o o gegegettt
big, bibibiggg fififirmrmrmsss wwwaaantntnt ttto o o gggeeettt bibibiggggggeeer.r.r. AAAsss obsobsobseeerververveddd bbbyyy GGGosososbbbyyy (1(1(1990) 990) 990) iiif f f forforfor no no no otototheheherrr rerereaaassson on on ttthahahan
dededevevevelllop op op oveoveover r r ttthehehe yyyeeeaaarrrsss. . . TTThehehererere aaarrreee mmmaaannnyyy pppaaarararammmeeettteeerrrsss aaan n n orororgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiion on on cccaaan n n ssseeellleeecccttt tttooo mmmeeeaaasssureureure iiitttsss
gggrororowwwttth. h. h. TTThehehe mmmosososttt mmmeeeaaanininingngngfulfulful yyyaaardsrdsrdstttiiiccck k k iiisss onononeee ttthahahattt ssshhhowowowsss proproprogregregressssss wwwiiittthhh rereressspepepecccttt to an
organization’s stated goals. TTThehehe ululultttiiimmmaaattteee gggoaoaoalll of of of mmmosososttt orgorgorgaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons iiisss proproprofififittt, , , ssso o o nenenettt profiprofiprofittt, , ,
rererellleeevavavannnccceee, , , ppproducroducroductttiiivvviiitttyyy,,, sssaaallleeesss fififiggguuurereresss, , , numnumnumbbbeeer r r of of of eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss,,, phphphyyysssiiicccaaalll eeexxxpapapansnsnsiiion, on, on, and other
fifinanancnciiaall da dattaa a arere ooftfteen utn utiilliizzeedd a ass ‘bot ‘botttomom-line’ indicators of growth.
TTThehehe humhumhumaaannn rereresssourourourccceee dddeeepapapartrtrtmmmeeentntnt doedoedoesss mmmuuuccchhh mmmoreoreore ttthahahan n n jjjusususttt rererecccruiruiruittt eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss for for for ttthhheee
orgaorgaorgannniiizzzaaatttiiion. on. on. EEEnsnsnsuriuriuring ng ng aaan n n eeeffffffeeeccctttiiivvveee rererewwwaaarrrddd sssyyysssttteeemmm aaannnd d d usususiiinnnggg ttthehehe humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourcourcourceee eeeffffffeeeccctttiiivevevelllyyy tttooo
gggiiiveveve ttthehehe orororgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiiooon n n cccomomompepepetttiiitttiiiveveve aaadvadvadvannntttaaagegegesss aaannnd d d cccomomomplplpleeetttiiingngng ttthehehe ssseeettt tttaaarrrgets are some of the
priorities. HHHumumumaaan n n rereresssououourrrccceeesss ssseeeeeekkk tttooo ggguiuiuidedede ttthhheeeiiir r r ooorrrgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiiooon n n ttthrouhrouhrougggh h h pepeperiririodsodsods of of of gggrowrowrowttth. h. h. WWWhehehetttheheherrr
ttthehehe gggrowrowrowttth h h iiisss dradradrammmaaatttiiiccc ooor r r iiincncncrereremmmeeentntntaaalll, , , ooorrrgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons oftoftofteeen n n eeennncccountountounteeer r r dididiffffifificccululultttiiieeesss. . . OOOrrrgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiiooonananalll
ggrorowwtth, h, howhoweevever, r, bribrinnggss wwiitth h iitt aann iinneevviittable dilution of that hands-on on ccaappaabibilliittyy, , wwhihillee tthehe
ccomomplpleexxiittyy oof f vavaririousous ororggaaninizzaattiionaonall ttaassksks ssiimmululttaanneeousousllyy iincncrreeaasseess.. AAss tthehe organization grows
aaand nd nd iiincncncrrreeeaaassseee iiin n n sssiiizzzeee, , , cccooonnntttrrrololol bebebecccooommmeeesss mmmoreoreore cccooommmplplpleeexxx. . . GGGrowrowrowttth h h iiinnn orgorgorgaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons mmmaaakekekesss plplplaaanninninning ng ng
for training, rewaard, rd, aaddiddittiionaonall rereccrruiuittmmeenntt,, aannd d eevevennt prompromototiion on mmoorree didiffifficculultt ddue to the
dididiffiffifficccuuullltttiiieeesss iiinnn plplplaaanninninningngng fffor or or ttthhheee iiimmmpppllleeemmmeeennntttaaatttiiion, on, on, ooof f f ttthehehessseee praprapraccctttiiiccceeesss, , , orororgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons fafafaccceee dowdowdowntntnturnsurnsurns
iin den devevellopmopmeentnt, profi, profittaabibilliittyy, , ccoommpepettiittiiveve aadvadvannttaaggee a and nd ggrowrowtthh
Human resources and ooorrrgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiiooonsnsns fafafaccceee aaa dididizzzzzzyyyiiingngng aaarrrrrraaayyy ofofof orororgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiionaonaonalll eeellleeemmmeeentntntsss ttthahahattt hhhaaaveveve tttooo
be revised following ccchahahangngngiiinnnggg rerereaaallliiitttiiieeesss. . . MMMaaaiiintntntaaaiiinininingngng eeeffffefefeccctttiiivvveee mmmeeettthodshodshods ofofof cccomomommmmuniuniunicccaaatttiiion on on wwwiiittth h h
aaand nd nd bebebetttwwweeeeeen n n eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeeesss aaand nd nd dededepppaaartrtrtmmmeeentntntsss, , , fofoforrr eeexxxaaammmplplpleee, , , bebebecccomomomeee eeevvveeer r r mmmoreoreore dididiffiffifficcculululttt butbutbut iiimmmppportant
aaasss t t thehehe fi fi firmrmrm gggrowrowrowsss... S S Siiimmmiiilllaaarlrlrlyyy, , , gggoodoodood hum hum humaaan n n rereresssourourourccceee m m maaanananagggeeemmmeeennnttt pra pra praccctttiiiccceeesss, , , fffromromrom hi hi hiririring tng tng tooo t t trararaiiininininnnggg
ttto o o eeemmmpowpowpoweeerrrmmmeeentntnt, , , hhhaaavvveee ttto o o bebebe iiimmmplplpleeemmmeeentntnteeed d d aaannnd d d mmmaaaiiintntntaaaiiinenened. d. d. EEEssstttaaablblbliiissshihihingngng aaand nd nd iiimmmproproprovivivingngng ssstttaaannndddaaardrdrd
prapraccttiicceess aarree oftofteenn kekeyy eelleemmeentntss of of ororgaganniizzaattiionaonall ggrorowwtth h aass wweellll. . AA busbusiinenessss tthahatt undeundergrgooeess aa
sssiiigggnininifffiiicccaaantntnt bursbursbursttt of of of gggrowrowrowttth h h fififindsndsnds iiitttsss opeopeoperrraaatttiiionsonsons tttrrraaansnsnsfofoformrmrmeeed d d iiin n n aaannnyyy numnumnumbebeber r r of of of wwwaaayyysss. . . AAAnd nd nd oftoftofteeen, n, n, iiittt
wwiillll bebe tthehe owownener’r’ss plplaanninningng aanndd mmaananagegemmeentnt of of tthehe sskikillllss tthahatt wwiillll dedetteermrmiinene wwhehettheher r tthhaatt
ggrorowwtth h iiss ssususttaaiinened d or or wwhehettheher r iinntteernarnall cconsonsttraraiintntss rereiin n iin n tthahatt ggrowrowtth h ppreremmaattureurellyy.. TThihiss papapeperr
ssseeeeeekkksss tttooo aaannnaaalllyyyzzzeee ttthhheee iiimmmplplpliiicccaaatttiiionsonsons of of of sssomomomeee of of of ttthhheee humhumhumaaan n n rrreeesssourcourcourceee mmmaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeentntnt praprapraccctttiiiccceeesss about
ttheheiir der deggrereee of of iimmpapacctt on on orga organinizzaattiionaonall g grorowwtthh
TThehe ggeenneerarall objobjeeccttiiveve ooff tthihiss ssttududyy iiss tto o eexxaammiinene tthehe iimmplpliiccaattiionsons of of ssttrraatteeggiicc humhumaan n rreessourcourcee
mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeentntnt prprpraaaccctttiiiccceeesss aaand nd nd orororgggaaanininizzzaaatttiiionaonaonalll growgrowgrowttth h h usususiiingngng aaa ttthhheeeooorrreeetttiiicccaaalll pepeperrrssspepepeccctttiiiveveve... The specific
objectives include,
i. to dddeeettteeerrrmmmiiinnneee ttthhheee dddeeegggrrreeeeee ooofff rrreeelllaaatttiiiooonnnssshhhiiippp bbbeeetttwwweeeeeennn tttrrraaaiiinnniiinnnggg aaannnddd productivity in an
organization.
ii. to dededettteeerrrmmmiiinenene ttthehehe dededegggrerereeee of of of rererelllaaatttiiionsonsonshhhiiip p p bebebetttwwweeeeeennn aaa rererewwwaaardrdrd sssyyysssttteeemmm aaandndnd profitability in an
organization.
iii. to dededettteeerrrmmmiiinenene ttthehehe e e exxxttteeentntnt re re recccrururuiiitttmmmeeennnttt rererelllaaattteeesss t t tooo c c cooommmpppeeetttiiitttiiiveveve aaadvadvadvantntntaaagggeee in an organization.
iv. to aasssseessss t thhee ususeefulfulnenessss o of f plplaanninningng wwiitth reh resspepecctt t too the ggrorowwtth of ah of ann organization.
III. Review off R Reellateatedd Li Litteerratuaturree
SStrtrateategigicc H Huummanan R Reessouourrccee MMananageagemmeennt t (S(SHHRRMM)
TTThehehe pripriprimmmaaarrryyy gggoooaaalll of of of SSStttrararattteeegggiiiccc HHHuuummmaaan n n ReReResssourcourcourceee MMMaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeentntnt (S(S(SHHHRMRMRM) ) ) iiisss ttto o o iiinnncccrrreeeaaassseee eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeee
producproducproductttiiivvviiitttyyy bbbyyy fofofocccusususiiinnng g g on on on busbusbusiiinnneeessssss obsobsobstttaaacccllleeesss ttthahahattt ocococcccur ur ur outoutoutsssiiidddeee ttthehehe humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourcourcourceeesss (S(S(Siiippphhhaaa. . .
2014). The actions of aa ssttraratteeggiicc humhumaan n rreessourcourcee mmaananaggeer r aarree tto o iidedentntiifyy kekeyy humhumaan n reressourourccee
areas where strategies cccaaan n n bebebe iiimmmpppllleeemmmeeentntnteeed d d ttto o o iiimmmppprororoveveve ttthehehe oveoveoverrraaallllll eeemmmpppllloooyyyeeeeee mmmotototiiivvvaaatttiiiooon n n aaannnddd
productivity.
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VVololuummee 4 4,, I Issssuuee 12, Dec 2021 |
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teterrmmss ofof CCrreeaattiivvee CCoommmmoonnss AAtttrtriibbuutitioonn LiLicceennssee (C(CCC BBYY).T).To o vviieeww aa ccooppyy ooff ththiiss
lliicceennssee,, v viissiitt h httpttpss:/:///ccrreeaatitivveeccoommmmononss.o.orrg/g/lliicceennsseess//bbyy//44..00//
e-ISSN : 26203502
InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall JJoouurrnalnal oonn InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon
p-ISSN : 26153785
SSttrraatteeggiicc HHuummaan n ReRessourourccee MMaananagegemmeenntt (S(SHHRMRM)) iiss aa brabrancnchh of Human RReessouourrccee Management
(HRM) that hahass eemmeerrggeed d outout of of tthehe paparreentnt didisscciiplpline ofof hhuummanan rreessouourrccee management (Truss
and Gratton, 1994).
Empirical Review
MMMohrmohrmohrmaaansnsns (2(2(2007)007)007) iiinnnvevevessstttiiigggaaattteeeddd ttthehehe dededesssiiigggnnn of of of ooorrrgggaaannniiisssaaatttiiiooonsnsns fofofor r r growgrowgrowttth:h:h: TTThehehe humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourourourccceee
cccontontontririributbutbutiiion, on, on, wwwhihihiccch h h iiinvenvenvessstttiiigagagattteeesss ttthhheee kkkeeeyyy iiissssssueueuesss rrraaaiiissseeed d d iiin n n dddeeesssiiigggninininnng g g aaannn ooorgargargannniiisssaaatttiiion on on forforfor rapid
gggrororowwwttth h h aaand nd nd howhowhow HHHR R R cccaaan n n cccontontontririributbutbuteee ttto o o ttthihihisss. . . BBByyy cccontontontririributbutbutiiingngng ttto o o orororgggaaanininisssaaatttiiionaonaonalll aaand nd nd wwwork ork ork dededesssiiigggnnn
ccchahahalllllleeennngggeeesss ttthahahattt eeennnaaablblbleee gggrororowwwttth, h, h, HHHR R R hahahasss aaan n n iiinnncccrereredddiiiblblbleee opportopportopportuniuniunitttyyy tttooo iiincncncrerereaaassseee iiitttsss iiimmmpppaaacccttt ononon
orgaorganniissaattiionaonall pe perrformformaannccee a and bnd beeccoommee aa t truerue ssttrraatteeggiicc p paarrttnener.r.
Undersrsrstttaaandindindinnnggg ooorrrgggaaannniiisssaaatttiiiooonananalll dededesssiiigggn n n aaapppppprororoaaaccchhheeesss for for for grogrogrowwwttth, h, h, llleeeaaadddiiinnnggg dddeeesssiiigggnnn procprocproceeesssssseeesss, , , aaand nd nd
dededevevevelllopiopiopingngng ooorrrgggaaanininisssaaatttiiionononaaalll cccaaapppaaabibibillliiitttiiieeesss fofofor r r growgrowgrowttth h h aaarerere cccririritttiiicccaaalll ssstttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc cccontontontririributbutbutiiionsonsons fofofor r r HHHR R R
profeprofeprofessssssiiionaonaonalllsss. . . TTTo o o plplplaaayyy ttthhhiiisss rolrolroleee,,, HHHR R R wwwiiillllll neneneeeed d d ttto o o llleeeaaarnrnrn nnneeewww ssskikikillllllsss iiinnn orgorgorgaaanininisssational design, assist
ttthehehe busbusbusiiinenenessssss iiin n n dededettteeermrmrmiiininininnnggg howhowhow iiittt ssshoulhoulhould d d bebebe ssstttrururuccctttureureureddd, , , aaand nd nd iiincncncooorprprporaoraorattteee gggrrrowowowttth h h routroutroutiiinenenesss iiintntnto o o ttthehehe
orgaorgaorgannniiisssaaatttiiion. on. on. AAAccccccordiordiordingngng ttto o o ttthhheee fififindindindingngngsss of of of ttthehehe ssstttuuudddyyy, , , tttaaallleeennnttt mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeentntnt iiisss iiinnneeextxtxtririricccaaablblblyyy llliiinkenkenked d d ttto o o
orgaorganniissaattiionaonall aand nd wwork ork ssyysstteemm dedessiiggnn, , wwiitth h eeaacchh cconsonsttraraiinininngg tthehe ototheher.r. WWhehettheher r sseeeekikinng g
orgaorgaorgannniiiccc grogrogrowwwttth h h iiin n n nenenewww mmmaaarkerkerketttsss, , , eeexxxpapapandindindinnnggg ttthrohrohrougugugh h h ttthhheee dededevevevelllopmopmopmeeentntnt ofofof iiinnovannovannovatttiiiveveve produproduproduccctttsss, , ,
ssseeervrvrviiiccceeesss, , , aaand nd nd busbusbusiiinenenessssss mmmodeodeodelllsss, , , or or or eeexpaxpaxpandindindingngng ttthrohrohrougugugh h h aaacccqqquiuiuisssiiitttiiionsonsons aaand nd nd pppaaarrrtttnenenersrsrshihihipspsps, , , orororgggaaanininisssaaatttiiionsonsons
must find and integragragrattteee nenenewww rrreeesssourcourcourceeesss, , , rerereaaallliiigggnnn eeexxxiiissstttiiingngng oneoneonesss, , , aaand nd nd rrreeeccconfionfionfigggururureee cccooorerere dddeeesssiiigngngn
fefefeaaatttuuurrreeesss t t to co co copeopeope w w wiiittthhh t t thehehe i i innncccrrreeeaaassseeed sd sd siiizzzeee aaand cnd cnd comomomplplpleeexxxiiitttyyy t t thahahattt c c comomomeeesss w w wiiittth groh groh growwwttth.h.h.
The study, therefore, ccconconconcllludeudeudeddd ttthhhaaattt ttto o o sssuuupportpportpport gggrowrowrowttth h h ssstttrararattteeegggiiieeesss. . . HHHR’R’R’sss dededefffiiinnniiitttiiion on on of of of tttaaallleeentntnt
management hahahasss ttto o o bbbeee eeexxxpapapannndededed d d ttto o o iiincncncllludeudeude dededesssiiignignigninnnggg ttthehehe cccontontonteeexxxttt iiin n n wwwhihihiccch h h tttaaallleeennnttt opeopeoperrraaattteeesss. . . TTThehehe
aabibilliittyy tto o optoptiimmiizzee ttaalleenntt ssttraratteeggyy iiss iin n profound iintnteerderdeppeendendennccee wwiitth h hohoww tthehe ororgaganinizzaattiioon n iiss
dededesssiiigggnenened d d ttto o o fufufuncncnctttiiion. on. on. MMMuuusssttt eeexpaxpaxpand nd nd iiitttsss domdomdomaaaiiin n n of of of iiinflnflnflueueuencncnceee bbbyyy bebebecccomomomiiinnnggg prprprofiofioficcciiieeent at shaping the
dedessiiggn of tn of thhee ororggaaninizzaattiion for on for ggrorowwtth.h.
ColColColllliiinsnsns (1987) (1987) (1987) obsobsobseeerververved d d iiin n n hihihisss ssstttudududyyy on on on ttthehehe ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc cccontontontririributbutbutiiionsonsons of of of ttthehehe humhumhumaaan n n resource
funcfuncfunctttiiiooon n n ttthahahattt, , , ccconsonsonsiiidedederrraaatttiiiooon n n of of of ttthhheee ssstttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc cccononontttririributbutbutiiionsonsons of of of humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourcourcourceee mmmaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeentntnt tttooo
organizational funcncnctttiiionionioningngng aaand nd nd pppeeerrrfofoformrmrmaaancncnceee rrreeequiquiquirereresss aaa quaquaquallliiitttaaatttiiivevevelllyyy dididiffffffeeerererentntnt aaapproppropproaaaccch h h fffromromrom ttthahahattt
aaaccccccordordordeeed d d tttrararadididitttiiionaonaonalll pepeperrrssspepepeccctttiiivevevesss of of of pepepersrsrsonneonneonnelll mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeennnttt... TTThehehe ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc cccooontntntririributbutbutiiionsonsons of of of ttthhheee
humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourcourcourceee func func functttiiion on on ttto o o orgorgorgaaanininizzzaaatttiiionsonsons aaarerere eeexxxaaammmiiinenened d d aaattt botbotboth h h ttthehehe cccorporporporaoraorattteee a a and nd nd bububusiness levels.
IIIttt iiisss aaargrgrgueueued d d ttthhhaaattt aaattt botbotboth h h llleeevevevelllsss iiissssssueueuesss aaariririsssiiinnnggg fffromromrom ttthhheee mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeennnttt of of of pppeeeoploplopleee aaarerere ccceeentntntrararalll tttooo ttthhheee
formformululaattiion aon and ind immplpleemmeentntaattiion of on of the strategy.
ColColColllliiinsnsns eeemmmphaphaphasssiiizzzeeed d d ttthehehe neneneeeed d d tttooo eeessstttaaablblbliiissshhh aaallliiigggnmnmnmeeentntnt bebebetttwwweeeeeennn aaan n n orororgagaganininizzzaaatttiiion’son’son’s mmmiiissssssiiion, strategy,
ssstttrucrucructttureureure,,, cccululultttururureee, , , wwworkforkforkforcorcorceee ccchahaharararacccttteeeriririssstttiiicccsss aaand nd nd pepeperrrsssooonnennennelll polpolpoliiiccciiieeesss aaannnd d d prprpraaaccctttiiiccceeesss. . . TTThhheee aaattttttaaaiiinmnmnmeeentntnt
of of of tttiiiggghththt fififittt iiisss veveverrryyy dididiffffifificcculululttt iiin n n aaa dddyyynananammmiiiccc wwworlorlorld. d. d. HHHowowoweeevvveeer, r, r, mmmaaannnyyy orororgagaganininizzzaaatttiiiooonsnsns aaarrreee
undeunderprpeerrformformiinngg bebeccaauussee of of in congruencies between their stratteeggiieess aand nd ssttrucructtureure, , aandnd
papapartrtrtiiiccculululaaarrrlllyyy ttthhheeeiiir r r cccuuullltttureureure aaand nd nd wwwooorkforkforkforcrcrceee cccomomompepepettteeencncnciiieeesss aaand nd nd aaattttttiiitttudeudeudesss. . . HHHeee sssuggugguggeeesssttteeeddd ttthahahattt ssseeenininiororor
mmmaaanananagggeeerrrsss aaannnd d d pepepersrsrsonnonnonneeelll ssspepepeccciiiaaallliiissstttsss neneneeeeddd ttto o o aaadoptdoptdopt aaa ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc mmmiiindsndsndseeettt ttto o o ccconconconceeeptptptuuuaaallliiizzzeee fififieee iiissssssueueue
aand nd iidedennttiiffyy aappproppropririaattee aaccttiion. on. IImmproveprovement in the strategic managemmeent of people in an
orgaorgaorgannniiizzzaaatttiiion on on rererequiquiquirereresss aaa cccomomommmmiiitttmmmeeentntnt ttto o o sssususustttaaaiiinenened d d lllongongong ttteeermrmrm aaaccctttiiion. on. on. TTTheheherererefofoforrreee, , , ssskikikillllllsss, , , papapatttiiieeencncnceee, , ,
aaand nd nd cccooouraurauragggeee wwwiiillllll bebebe rererequiquiquirrreeeddd tttooo holholhold d d iiinnn plplplaaaccceee ttthhheee neneneccceeessssssaaarrryyy iiinininitttiiiaaatttiiivevevesss wwwhihihiccch h h wwwiiillllll iiimmmproproproveveve ttthhheee
contribution of thehehe pe pe perrrsssooonnennennelll func func functttiiiooon tn tn to oro oro orgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiionaonaonalll s s sucucucccceeessssss a a and nd nd gggrororowwwttth.h.h. . ;
Conneer r aand nd UUllriricchh (199(1996) 6) ssttaatteed d iin n tthheeiir r ssttududyy on on ““hhumumaan n reressourourccee rorolleess:: ccrereaattiinng value, not
rhetoric” that whatt iiss nneeeededed d iiss an HHR R funcfuncttiioon n tthahatt eexxpapandsnds iittss focfocuuss bebeyyond ond iittss ttraraddiittiionaonall
operationaonaonalll aaannnd d d tttrrraaannnsssaaaccctttiiionaonaonalll rolrolroleee. . . TTTo o o iiimmmproveproveprove iiitttsss eeeffffffeeeccctttiiivvveeenenenessssss aaand nd nd hahahavvveee a greater impact, the
humhumaan n reressourcourcee funcfuncttiionon mmusustt undeunderrssttaand nd howhow ttoo aaddd d vavallueue to tthehe ororggaanniizzaattiion on bbyy hehellpipinngg lliinene
mmaananaggeerrss aalliiggn n HHR R ssttrraatteeggiieess, , procproceesssseess, , aand nd prapraccttices with business neeedsds. . The questionnaire
was created to test the extentt tto o wwhihicch h HHR R rolroleess ccoulould d bebe dedeffiinneed d aandnd mmeeaassuured. Items were
developed around thehe four four kekeyy rolrolees, outlined by Ulrich (1993) - that is, , ssttraratteeggiicc papartrtnener, r, cchahannggee
agent, employee champion, aand and addmmiinniissttrarattiive expert.
Copyright (c) 2021 AAuutthhoorr (s(s). ). TThhiiss iiss aann ooppeenn-access article distributed under the
VVololuummee 4 4,, I Issssuuee 12, Dec 2021 |
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teterrmmss ofof CCrreeaattiivvee CCoommmmoonnss AAtttrtriibbuutitioonn LiLicceennssee (C(CCC BBYY).T).To o vviieeww aa ccooppyy ooff ththiiss
lliicceennssee,, v viissiitt h httpttpss:/:///ccrreeaatitivveeccoommmmononss.o.orrg/g/lliicceennsseess//bbyy//44..00//
e-ISSN : 26203502
InIntteerrnnaattiionaonall JJoouurrnalnal oonn InIntteegrgraatteed Ed Edduuccatatiionon
p-ISSN : 26153785
DDDaaatttaaa fffromromrom ttthehehe ssstttudududyyy wwweeererere sssubjubjubjeeecccttteeeddd tttooo fafafaccctttor or or aaanananalllyyysssiiisss tttooo iiinvenvenvessstttiiigggaaattteee ttthhheee numnumnumbebeberrr aaand nd nd kikikindsndsnds ooofff
fafafaccctttooorsrsrs ttthahahattt cccouloulould d d bebebe dddeeettteeermrmrmiiinenened d d frfrfromomom ttthehehe dadadatttaaa. . . SSSiiimmmplplpleee ssstttaaatttiiissstttiiicccsss aaand nd nd Pearson Correlation
Coefficients wweerere aallsso o ccaallccululaatteedd concerning each of the four rolroleess. . FFiindindinngsgs rerevveeaalleed d tthahatt ssccoreoress
wwweeerrreee hihihigggheheherrr forforfor ttthehehe eeemmmplplploooyyyeeeeee ccchhhaaammmpipipiooon, n, n, aaannnddd aaadmdmdmiiinnniiissstttrararatttiiivvveee eeexxxpepepertrtrt rolrolroleeesss aaannnddd lllowowoweeerrr forforfor ttthehehe
ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc papapartrtrtnenenerrr aaand nd nd ccchhhaaangngngeee aaagegegentntnt rolrolroleeesss. . . TTThihihisss iiisss ccconsonsonsiiisssttteeentntnt wwwiiittth h h ttthhheee tttrararadididitttiiionaonaonalll humhumhumaaan n n rrreeesssourcourcourceee
rolroleess. . TThehe llowoweesstt ssccoreore iiss tthehe ssttraratteeggiicc paparrttnneer r rolrolee. . TThehe ssttuuddyy ccoonfinfirmrmss tthehe eexxiisstteencncee of of didissccrerettee
.m.m.mululultttiiiplplpleee rolrolroleeesss ttthahahattt humhumhumaaan n n rereresssourcourcourceee pepepeoooplplpleee plplplaaayyy aaand nd nd sssuggugguggeeessstttsss ttthahahattt iiittt iiisss iiimmmportportportaaantntnt ttthahahattt ttthehehessseee rororollleeesss
aaarerere cccomomommmmuniuniunicccaaattteeed d d cccllleeeaaarlrlrlyyy ttto o o humhumhumaaan n n rereresssooourururccceee pepepeoooplplpleee ssso o o ttthahahattt t t theheheyyy cccaaannn cccontontontiiinuenuenue ttto o o buibuibuilllddd tttheheheiiirrr skills,
knowledge, and abilities.
III Theoretical FFrraamemewwororkk
Resource-based view theory
Resource-based view as the iiinflnflnflueueuentntntiiiaaalll bodbodbodyyy ofofof rereressseeeaaarcrcrchhh wwwiiittthhhiiin n n ttthehehe fififieeellld d d ooof f f ssstttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc mmmaaanananagggeeemmmeeentntnt
wwaass nanammeed d bbyy BBiirrggeer r WWeerrnenerrfefelltt iinn hihiss aartrtiiccllee.. TTwwo o publpubliiccaattiionsons ccllososeellyy ffololllowowiingng WWeernrneerfrfeelltt’s’s
iiinininitttiiiaaalll aaartrtrtiiicccllleee cccaaammmeee frfrfromomom BBBaaarnernerneyyy (1986a(1986a(1986a, , , 1986b).1986b).1986b). EEEvvveeen n n ttthoughoughough h h WWWeeernernernerrrfffeeelllttt wwwaaasss notnotnot rererefefeferererennnccceeed d d
dididirerereccctttlllyyy, , , ttthehehe ssstttaaattteeemmmeeentntntsss mmmaaadedede bbbyyy BaBaBarrrneneneyyy aaaboboboututut ssstttrrraaattteeegggiiiccc fffaaaccctttooor r r mmmaaarrrkekeketttsss aaand nd nd ttthehehe rolrolroleee of of of
eexxpepeccttaattiionsons ccaan n bbee sseeeen n wwiitthhiin n tthehe reressoouurcrcee-basseed d fraframmeewworkork aass llaatteerr ddeevevellopeoped d bbyy BBaarnrneeyy iinn
1991. 1991. OOttheher r cconconceeppttss tthhaatt wweerree llaatteerr iintnteeggraratteedd iinntto o tthehe reressooururccee-babasseed d frfraammeewworkork aarere ununcceertrtaaiinn
iininimmiittaabbiilliittyy ((LLiippmppmaan n aand nd RumRumeelltt, , 1982), 1982), iissololaattiingng mmeecchahaninissmmss (R(Rumumeelltt, , 1984),1984), inimitability
(Dietickx & Cool; 1989).
A resource-bababassseeed d d vivivieeewww of of of aaa fififirmrmrm eeexxxplplplaaaiiinsnsns iiitttsss aaabibibillliiitttyyy ttto o o dededellliiivvveeer r r sssususustttaaaiiinananabbbllleee cccooommmpepepetttiiitttiiiveveve aaadvadvadvantntntaaagggeee
wwwhehehennn rereresssououourcrcrceeesss aaarerere mmmaaanananagggeeeddd sssuuuccch h h ttthahahattt tttheheheiiir r r outoutoutcccooommmeeesss cccaaannotnnotnnot bebebe iiimmmiiitttaaattteeed d d bbbyyy cccooommmpppeeetttiiitttooorsrsrs, , , wwwhihihiccchhh
ululttiimmaatteellyy ccrreeaatteess aa ccomompepettiittiiveve babarrirrieer r (M(Maahohoneneyy aand nd PPaandindiaann, , 1992)1992). . RBRBVV eexxplplaaiinsns tthahatt aa
fifirmrm’s’s ssususttaaiinanabbllee ccoommpepettiittiiveve aaddvavantntaaggee iiss rereaacchehed d under uniuniqueque reressouourcrceess bebeiing ng rararere,, vvaalluauablblee,,
inimitable, non-ttraradadabbllee,, aand nd nonnon-aadvadvannttaaggee tthrohrougugh h uniuniqueque rreessourcourceess wwhihicch h iitt holholdsds, , aand nd tthehessee
reressourcourceess ccaannotnnot bebe e eaassiillyy boubougghtht, , ttraransnsfeferrerred, d, or or ccopiopieedd, , aand nd ssiimmuullttaaneneooususllyy, , tthheeyy aaddd d vavallueue tto o aa
fifirmrm wwhihillee bebeiingng rararree (Ba(Barnerneyy, , 2001).2001). A maajjor or cconconceern rn iin n RBRBVV iiss focfocususeed d on on tthehe aabbiilliittyy of of tthhee
fififirmrmrm ttto o o mmmaaaiiintntntaaaiiin n n aaa cccooommmbibibinananatttiiiooon n n of of of rereresssourcourcourceeesss ttthahahattt cccaaannnnotnotnot bebebe posposposssseeesssssseeed d d ororor buibuibuilllttt upupup similarly by
compeettiittorsors. . EEffeffeccttiivevellyy, , tthihiss ttraransnsllaattees iintnto o vavalluauablblee reressourcourceess tthahatt aarree neneiittheher r peperfrfeeccttllyy iimmiittaablblee
nor snor subsubsttiittuuttaabbllee w wiitthhoutout ggrreeaatt eeffffortort ( (BBaarnerneyy, 199, 1991).1).
TTThehehessseee rereresssououourcrcrceeesss fulfulfulfififilll ttthhheee folfolfollllowowowiiingngng cccriririttteeeriririaaa rrreeefefeferrrrerered d d ttto o o aaasss VVVRINRINRIN (va(va(vallluauauablblbleee,,, rarararerere, , , iiinininimmmiiitttaaabbbllleee, , , aaand nd nd
non-substitutable).
Value - AA reressoouurcrcee mmusustt eennaablblee aa fifirmrm tto o eemmplplooyy aa vvaallueue-ccrereaattiing ng ssttraratteeggyy, , bbyy eeiitthheer r
outoutpeperforformrmiinngg iittss ccoommpepettiittorsors or or rreeducducing iittss owown n wweeaakknenesssseess.. AAccccordordiinngg ttoo MMaahonehoneyy aanndd
PPaandindiaan n (1992),(1992), tthhee rreelleevavanntt peperrssppeeccttiiveve iin n tthihiss iiss tthahatt tthhee ttraransnsaaccttiioonn costs associated with
ttthehehe iiinvenvenvessstttmmmeeentntnt iiin n n ttthehehe rereresssourcourcourceee cccaaannotnnotnnot bbbeee hihihigggheheher r r ttthahahan n n ttthehehe dididissscccooountuntunteeed d d futfutfutururureee rererennntttsss ttthahahattt flflflowowow outoutout
of the value-ccrereaattiingng s sttrraatteeggyy..
Rare-To is of of of vavavalllueueue, , , aaa rereresssourcourcourceee m m musususttt bebebe ra ra rarerere b b byyy dededefififinininitttiiion. on. on. IIIn n n aaa pe pe perferferfeccctttlllyyy cccooommmpepepetttiiitttiiivvveee s s stttrararattteeegggiiic
fafaccttoor r mmaarkerkett for for rreessourourccees, , tthehe pripriccee of of tthehe reressourcourcee wwiillll bebe aa rreefflleeccttiioon n of of tthehe eexxpepecctteedd
discounted future above-aaveverraagege r reetturnsurns (D (Diieeriricckkxx a and Coolnd Cool,, 1989). 1989).
In-imitable-IIIf f f aaa vavavallluauauablblbleee rereresssourcourcourceee iiisss cccontontontrororolllllleeeddd bbbyyy onlonlonlyyy oneoneone fififirmrmrm iiittt,,, cccoooulululddd bebebe aaa sssourcourcourceee ofofof
compeeetttiiitttiiiveveve aaadvadvadvannntttaaagggeee... TTThihihisss aaadvadvadvantntntaaagggeee cccouloulould d d bebebe sssuuussstttaaaiiinananablblbleee iiif f f cccooommmpppeeetttiiitttorsorsors aaarerere notnotnot aaablblbleee ttto o o
dupldupldupliiicccaaattteee ttthhhiiisss ssstttrararattteeegggiiiccc aaasssssseeettt pepeperfrfrfeeeccctttlllyyy (P(P(Peeettteeerararaf, f, f, 1993). 1993). 1993). AAAccccccordiordiordinnnggg ttto o o PPPeeettteeerararaf, f, f, ttthehehe ttteeermrmrm
iiisssolololaaatttiiingngng mmmeeeccchhhaaanininisssmmm wwwaaasss iiintntntroducroducroduceeeddd bbbyyy RuRuRummmeeelllttt (1(1(1984) 984) 984) ttto o o eeexxxplplplaaaiiin n n wwwhhhyyy fffiiirmrmrmsss mmmiiiggghththt nononot be
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