Pension Markets In Focus Preliminary 2021 Data On Pension Funds

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Sheet 1: Home page

	
	
		
 
	
	
	
		Pension Markets in Focus
	
	
		Preliminary 2021 Data on Pension Funds - June 2022
	
	
		

	
	
		Table 1. Assets in pension funds and all retirement savings vehicles at end-2021 (preliminary)
	
	
		Figure 1. Nominal and real investment rates of return of pension funds, Dec 2020 - Dec 2021 (preliminary)
	
	
		Figure 2. Asset allocation of pension funds in selected investment categories at end-2021 (preliminary)
	
	
		

	
	
		

	
	
		Methodological notes
	
	
		Methodological notes
	
	
		

	
	
		

	
	
		Source: OECD Global Pension Statistics. 
	
	
		www.oecd.org/daf/pensions/gps
	
	
		www.oecd.org/daf/pensions/pensionmarkets
	



Sheet 2: Table 1

	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
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		Table 1. Assets in pension funds and all retirement savings vehicles at end-2021 (preliminary)
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		OECD countries
		Pension funds
		

		All vehicles
		

		Selected other jurisdictions
		Pension funds
		

		All vehicles
	
	
		% change (1)
		in USD million
		% of GDP
		

		% of GDP
		

		% change (1)
		in USD million
		% of GDP
		

		% of GDP
	
	
		Australia
		18.0
		2,272,767
		146.2
		

		148.8
		

		Albania
		27.1
		43
		0.2
		

		0.2
	
	
		Austria
		8.0
		30,553
		6.7
		

		..
		

		Armenia
		30.7
		1,006
		6.9
		

		..
	
	
		Belgium
		8.0
		52,644
		9.2
		

		36.6
		

		Brazil
		0.5
		186,447
		12.0
		

		25.0
	
	
		Canada
		..
		1,712,806
		90.1
		

		167.2
		

		Bulgaria
		12.7
		11,360
		14.8
		

		14.8
	
	
		Chile
		-4.5
		167,556
		60.3
		

		..
		

		Croatia
		11.7
		21,485
		33.1
		

		33.1
	
	
		Colombia
		8.3
		86,828
		29.5
		

		29.5
		

		Egypt
		8.0
		6,245
		1.5
		

		1.5
	
	
		Costa Rica
		20.1
		24,874
		40.0
		

		40.0
		

		Georgia
		69.6
		646
		3.3
		

		3.3
	
	
		Czech Republic
		6.0
		26,173
		9.4
		

		9.4
		

		Ghana
		27.2
		4,748
		6.3
		

		6.3
	
	
		Denmark
		-8.0
		190,403
		50.0
		

		210.8
		

		Guyana
		19.6
		463
		6.1
		

		6.1
	
	
		Estonia
		-15.5
		5,076
		14.6
		

		16.8
		

		Hong Kong (China)
		4.9
		198,039
		54.0
		

		54.0
	
	
		Finland
		15.3
		173,962
		60.7
		

		..
		

		India
		27.4
		94,098
		3.0
		

		..
	
	
		France
		16.6
		77,247
		2.7
		

		11.1
		

		Indonesia
		3.6
		22,215
		1.9
		

		..
	
	
		Germany
		0.4
		313,807
		7.8
		

		..
		

		Jamaica
		7.9
		4,721
		31.7
		

		31.7
	
	
		Greece
		11.9
		2,083
		1.0
		

		..
		

		Kazakhstan
		4.6
		31,291
		16.6
		

		16.6
	
	
		Hungary
		5.6
		6,166
		3.6
		

		5.2
		

		Kenya
		10.6
		13,677
		12.9
		

		12.9
	
	
		Iceland
		17.9
		51,683
		208.4
		

		219.1
		

		Kosovo
		18.3
		2,676
		30.9
		

		30.9
	
	
		Ireland
		15.1
		164,227
		34.4
		

		..
		

		Macau (China)
		9.1
		4,914
		16.5
		

		16.5
	
	
		Israel
		16.1
		360,569
		72.1
		

		..
		

		Maldives
		11.9
		1,130
		22.3
		

		22.3
	
	
		Italy
		6.4
		194,592
		9.7
		

		12.6
		

		Namibia
		17.6
		11,819
		103.0
		

		115.9
	
	
		Japan
		2.3
		1,483,416
		31.3
		

		..
		

		Nigeria
		9.1
		32,644
		7.6
		

		7.6
	
	
		Korea
		15.3
		249,115
		14.4
		

		32.3
		

		North Macedonia
		21.3
		1,999
		15.0
		

		15.0
	
	
		Latvia
		19.7
		827
		2.2
		

		20.5
		

		Pakistan
		11.4
		224
		0.1
		

		..
	
	
		Lithuania
		31.5
		6,944
		11.1
		

		11.1
		

		Peru
		-19.1
		33,436
		15.3
		

		15.3
	
	
		Luxembourg
		5.0
		2,193
		2.6
		

		..
		

		Romania
		18.5
		21,168
		7.8
		

		7.8
	
	
		Mexico
		11.2
		254,373
		20.0
		

		..
		

		Serbia
		4.3
		473
		0.8
		

		0.8
	
	
		Netherlands
		7.4
		2,042,637
		209.5
		

		..
		

		Suriname
		1.7
		324
		12.1
		

		..
	
	
		New Zealand
		19.0
		90,144
		37.3
		

		37.3
		

		Thailand
		6.4
		40,366
		8.3
		

		..
	
	
		Norway
		7.0
		51,109
		10.9
		

		..
		

		Uganda
		15.8
		5,325
		12.4
		

		..
	
	
		Poland
		26.2
		46,485
		7.2
		

		..
		

		Uruguay
		14.1
		17,351
		30.0
		

		30.0
	
	
		Portugal
		4.7
		27,324
		11.4
		

		..
		

		Zimbabwe
		285.8
		2,015
		7.6
		

		..
	
	
		Slovak Republic
		16.9
		17,469
		15.9
		

		15.9
		

		Total (2)
		1.7
		772,349
		8.3
		

		

	
	
		Slovenia
		20.6
		4,211
		7.1
		

		7.8
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Spain
		7.5
		142,940
		10.5
		

		14.2
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Sweden
		..
		23,777
		4.0
		

		101.8
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Switzerland
		..
		1,164,503
		143.1
		

		..
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Turkey
		41.2
		18,430
		3.3
		

		..
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		United Kingdom
		4.3
		3,572,623
		117.0
		

		..
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		United States
		11.6
		22,599,191
		98.3
		

		170.0
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		OECD Total (2)
		8.2
		37,711,728
		66.9
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Notes: ".." means not available. (1) The column "% change" shows the nominal change of pension fund assets in national currency compared to the amount in December 2020, except for Australia (June 2020). (2) The total is the result of the conversion of the values for each jurisdiction in USD. The total % change is calculated as the change of total assets in the considered area (in US dollar) between end-2020 and end-2021. Total pension fund assets as a % of GDP are calculated as the ratio between the sum of all pension fund assets and the sum of all the GDPs (in US dollar) of the reporting jurisdictions in the area considered. 

Investments are used as a proxy of assets. The column "All vehicles" gives the amount of assets in all retirement savings plans in 2021. Exchange rates come from the IMF International Financial Statistics database. GDP values come from OECD.Stat and the IMF World Economic Outlook.

Technical provisions have been used as a proxy of assets in pension insurance contracts for Belgium and book reserves in Italy. There is a methodogical change in the estimation of pension fund assets in Canada in 2021, preventing the calculation of the nominal growth rate of assets between 2020 and 2021. Data for the United Kingdom refer to the gross assets of pension funds and exclude the net value of derivatives. 

Source: OECD Global Pension Statistics; Bank of Japan; Korean Ministry of Employment and Labour
		



Sheet 3: Figure 1

	
	
	
	
	
	
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		Figure 1. Nominal and real investment rates of return of pension funds, Dec 2020 - Dec 2021 (preliminary)
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		

		

		

		

		

		In per cent
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		A. Selected OECD countries

		

		

		

		

		

		
 
		
		
	
		

		

		

		

		

		

		
	
		

		Real IRRs
		Nominal IRRs
		height
		

		

		       A. Selected OECD countries
		

		

		

		

		        B. Selected other jurisdictions
		

		

		

		

	
	
		Poland
		15.2
		25.2
		0.981481481481482
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Finland
		12.3
		16.2
		0.944444444444444
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Australia
		11.1
		15.3
		0.907407407407407
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Costa Rica
		10.0
		13.6
		0.87037037037037
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Lithuania
		9.2
		20.7
		0.833333333333333
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Israel
		8.4
		11.5
		0.796296296296296
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Iceland
		6.3
		11.7
		0.759259259259259
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Colombia
		3.7
		9.6
		0.722222222222222
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Austria
		3.3
		7.6
		0.685185185185185
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		United States
		2.9
		10.1
		0.648148148148148
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Norway
		2.6
		8.1
		0.611111111111111
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Canada
		2.1
		6.2
		0.574074074074074
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Netherlands
		2.1
		7.9
		0.537037037037037
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Spain
		1.9
		8.6
		0.5
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Belgium
		1.9
		7.7
		0.462962962962963
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Portugal
		1.5
		4.3
		0.425925925925926
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Italy
		1.0
		4.9
		0.388888888888889
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Greece
		0.7
		5.8
		0.351851851851852
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Estonia
		-0.2
		11.9
		0.314814814814815
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Mexico
		-0.3
		7.1
		0.277777777777778
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Latvia
		-1.0
		6.8
		0.240740740740741
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Denmark
		-2.9
		0.1
		0.203703703703704
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Slovenia
		-3.0
		1.7
		0.166666666666667
		

		Notes: Data have been calculated using a common formula for the average nominal net investment rate of return (ratio between the net investment income at the end of the period and the average level of assets over the period) for all jurisdictions, except for Austria, Finland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Slovenia and the United States among OECD countries and for Armenia, Croatia and Hong Kong (China) where values come from the own calculations of national authorities or from other official sources. Average real net investment rates of return have been calculated using the nominal investment rate of return (as described above) and the variation of the end-of-period consumer price index (extracted from OECD.Stat, the IMF’s online database or the IMF's World Economic Outlook published in April 2022) usually for the same period over which the nominal return is calculated, i.e. between June 2020 and June 2021 for Australia, between December 2020 and September 2021 for Canada, and between December 2020 and December 2021 for the other jurisdictions. These results may deviate from the own calculations of national authorities. The investment rate of return is net of tax and investment expenses for Australia. The investment rate of return of pension funds is calculated only for new pension funds in Israel, contractual pension funds in Italy (and is net of taxes), mutual pension funds in Slovenia, pension funds in charge of the accumulation phase in Croatia, Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) schemes in Hong Kong (China).

Source: OECD Global Pension Statistics.

		
	
		Chile
		-3.2
		3.7
		0.12962962962963
		

		
	
		Hungary
		-4.7
		2.4
		0.092592592592593
		

		
	
		Czech Republic
		-5.5
		0.8
		0.055555555555556
		

		
	
		Turkey
		-9.7
		22.9
		0.018518518518519
		

		
	
		

		

		

		

		

		
	
		

		

		

		

		

		
	
		B. Selected other jurisdictions
		

		

		

		

		
	
		

		

		

		

		

		
	
		

		Real IRRs
		Nominal IRRs
		height
		

		
	
		Egypt
		8.8
		14.2
		0.980769230769231
		

		
	
		Uganda
		7.7
		10.8
		0.942307692307692
		

		
	
		North Macedonia
		4.6
		9.6
		0.903846153846154
		

		
	
		Indonesia
		4.0
		5.9
		0.865384615384615
		

		
	
		Uruguay
		3.9
		12.1
		0.826923076923077
		

		
	
		Maldives
		3.5
		3.5
		0.788461538461538
		

		
	
		Kosovo
		3.2
		10.1
		0.75
		

		
	
		Thailand
		2.0
		4.2
		0.711538461538462
		

		
	
		Kazakhstan
		1.7
		10.3
		0.673076923076923
		

		
	
		India
		1.4
		7.1
		0.634615384615385
		

		
	
		Croatia
		1.4
		6.9
		0.596153846153846
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Albania
		-0.4
		3.3
		0.557692307692308
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Macau (China)
		-0.5
		0.5
		0.519230769230769
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Guyana
		-1.3
		4.3
		0.480769230769231
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Romania
		-1.8
		6.2
		0.442307692307692
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Peru
		-2.4
		4.5
		0.403846153846154
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Bulgaria
		-2.5
		5.1
		0.365384615384615
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Hong Kong (China)
		-2.6
		-0.3
		0.326923076923077
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Georgia
		-3.2
		10.2
		0.288461538461538
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Armenia
		-4.6
		2.8
		0.25
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Nigeria
		-5.5
		9.3
		0.211538461538462
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Serbia
		-6.1
		1.3
		0.173076923076923
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Pakistan
		-6.5
		5.0
		0.134615384615385
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Ghana
		-9.8
		1.6
		0.096153846153846
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Suriname
		-26.5
		18.0
		0.057692307692308
		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

		

	
	
		Zimbabwe
		-31.8
		9.7
		0.019230769230769

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...Sheet home page pension markets in focus preliminary data on funds june table assets and all retirement savings vehicles at end figure nominal real investment rates of return dec asset allocation selected categories methodological notes source oecd global statistics wwwoecdorgdafpensionsgps wwwoecdorgdafpensionspensionmarkets to the menu countries other jurisdictions change usd million gdp australia albania austria armenia belgium brazil canada bulgaria chile croatia colombia egypt costa rica georgia czech republic ghana denmark guyana estonia hong kong china finland india france indonesia germany jamaica greece kazakhstan hungary kenya iceland kosovo ireland macau israel maldives italy namibia japan nigeria korea north macedonia latvia pakistan lithuania peru luxembourg romania mexico serbia netherlands suriname new zealand thailand norway uganda poland uruguay portugal zimbabwe slovak total slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey united kingdom states quot means not available column...

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Table 1. Assets in pension funds and all retirement savings vehicles at end-2021 (preliminary)

OECD countries	Pension funds			All vehicles	Selected other jurisdictions	Pension funds			All vehicles
OECD countries	% change (1)	in USD million	% of GDP	% of GDP	Selected other jurisdictions	% change (1)	in USD million	% of GDP	% of GDP
Australia	18.0	2,272,767	146.2	148.8	Albania	27.1	43	0.2	0.2
Austria	8.0	30,553	6.7	..	Armenia	30.7	1,006	6.9	..
Belgium	8.0	52,644	9.2	36.6	Brazil	0.5	186,447	12.0	25.0
Canada	..	1,712,806	90.1	167.2	Bulgaria	12.7	11,360	14.8	14.8
Chile	-4.5	167,556	60.3	..	Croatia	11.7	21,485	33.1	33.1
Colombia	8.3	86,828	29.5	29.5	Egypt	8.0	6,245	1.5	1.5
Costa Rica	20.1	24,874	40.0	40.0	Georgia	69.6	646	3.3	3.3
Czech Republic	6.0	26,173	9.4	9.4	Ghana	27.2	4,748	6.3	6.3
Denmark	-8.0	190,403	50.0	210.8	Guyana	19.6	463	6.1	6.1
Estonia	-15.5	5,076	14.6	16.8	Hong Kong (China)	4.9	198,039	54.0	54.0
Finland	15.3	173,962	60.7	..	India	27.4	94,098	3.0	..
France	16.6	77,247	2.7	11.1	Indonesia	3.6	22,215	1.9	..
Germany	0.4	313,807	7.8	..	Jamaica	7.9	4,721	31.7	31.7
Greece	11.9	2,083	1.0	..	Kazakhstan	4.6	31,291	16.6	16.6
Hungary	5.6	6,166	3.6	5.2	Kenya	10.6	13,677	12.9	12.9
Iceland	17.9	51,683	208.4	219.1	Kosovo	18.3	2,676	30.9	30.9
Ireland	15.1	164,227	34.4	..	Macau (China)	9.1	4,914	16.5	16.5
Israel	16.1	360,569	72.1	..	Maldives	11.9	1,130	22.3	22.3
Italy	6.4	194,592	9.7	12.6	Namibia	17.6	11,819	103.0	115.9
Japan	2.3	1,483,416	31.3	..	Nigeria	9.1	32,644	7.6	7.6
Korea	15.3	249,115	14.4	32.3	North Macedonia	21.3	1,999	15.0	15.0
Latvia	19.7	827	2.2	20.5	Pakistan	11.4	224	0.1	..
Lithuania	31.5	6,944	11.1	11.1	Peru	-19.1	33,436	15.3	15.3
Luxembourg	5.0	2,193	2.6	..	Romania	18.5	21,168	7.8	7.8
Mexico	11.2	254,373	20.0	..	Serbia	4.3	473	0.8	0.8
Netherlands	7.4	2,042,637	209.5	..	Suriname	1.7	324	12.1	..
New Zealand	19.0	90,144	37.3	37.3	Thailand	6.4	40,366	8.3	..
Norway	7.0	51,109	10.9	..	Uganda	15.8	5,325	12.4	..
Poland	26.2	46,485	7.2	..	Uruguay	14.1	17,351	30.0	30.0
Portugal	4.7	27,324	11.4	..	Zimbabwe	285.8	2,015	7.6	..
Slovak Republic	16.9	17,469	15.9	15.9	Total (2)	1.7	772,349	8.3
Slovenia	20.6	4,211	7.1	7.8
Spain	7.5	142,940	10.5	14.2
Sweden	..	23,777	4.0	101.8
Switzerland	..	1,164,503	143.1	..
Turkey	41.2	18,430	3.3	..
United Kingdom	4.3	3,572,623	117.0	..
United States	11.6	22,599,191	98.3	170.0
OECD Total (2)	8.2	37,711,728	66.9


Notes: ".." means not available. (1) The column "% change" shows the nominal change of pension fund assets in national currency compared to the amount in December 2020, except for Australia (June 2020). (2) The total is the result of the conversion of the values for each jurisdiction in USD. The total % change is calculated as the change of total assets in the considered area (in US dollar) between end-2020 and end-2021. Total pension fund assets as a % of GDP are calculated as the ratio between the sum of all pension fund assets and the sum of all the GDPs (in US dollar) of the reporting jurisdictions in the area considered. Investments are used as a proxy of assets. The column "All vehicles" gives the amount of assets in all retirement savings plans in 2021. Exchange rates come from the IMF International Financial Statistics database. GDP values come from OECD.Stat and the IMF World Economic Outlook. Technical provisions have been used as a proxy of assets in pension insurance contracts for Belgium and book reserves in Italy. There is a methodogical change in the estimation of pension fund assets in Canada in 2021, preventing the calculation of the nominal growth rate of assets between 2020 and 2021. Data for the United Kingdom refer to the gross assets of pension funds and exclude the net value of derivatives. Source: OECD Global Pension Statistics; Bank of Japan; Korean Ministry of Employment and Labour

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				Figure 1. Nominal and real investment rates of return of pension funds, Dec 2020 - Dec 2021 (preliminary)
				In per cent
A. Selected OECD countries

	Real IRRs	Nominal IRRs	height		A. Selected OECD countries	B. Selected other jurisdictions
Poland	15.2	25.2	0.981481481481482
Finland	12.3	16.2	0.944444444444444
Australia	11.1	15.3	0.907407407407407
Costa Rica	10.0	13.6	0.87037037037037
Lithuania	9.2	20.7	0.833333333333333
Israel	8.4	11.5	0.796296296296296
Iceland	6.3	11.7	0.759259259259259
Colombia	3.7	9.6	0.722222222222222
Austria	3.3	7.6	0.685185185185185
United States	2.9	10.1	0.648148148148148
Norway	2.6	8.1	0.611111111111111
Canada	2.1	6.2	0.574074074074074
Netherlands	2.1	7.9	0.537037037037037
Spain	1.9	8.6	0.5
Belgium	1.9	7.7	0.462962962962963
Portugal	1.5	4.3	0.425925925925926
Italy	1.0	4.9	0.388888888888889
Greece	0.7	5.8	0.351851851851852
Estonia	-0.2	11.9	0.314814814814815
Mexico	-0.3	7.1	0.277777777777778
Latvia	-1.0	6.8	0.240740740740741
Denmark	-2.9	0.1	0.203703703703704
Slovenia	-3.0	1.7	0.166666666666667	Notes: Data have been calculated using a common formula for the average nominal net investment rate of return (ratio between the net investment income at the end of the period and the average level of assets over the period) for all jurisdictions, except for Austria, Finland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Slovenia and the United States among OECD countries and for Armenia, Croatia and Hong Kong (China) where values come from the own calculations of national authorities or from other official sources. Average real net investment rates of return have been calculated using the nominal investment rate of return (as described above) and the variation of the end-of-period consumer price index (extracted from OECD.Stat, the IMF’s online database or the IMF's World Economic Outlook published in April 2022) usually for the same period over which the nominal return is calculated, i.e. between June 2020 and June 2021 for Australia, between December 2020 and September 2021 for Canada, and between December 2020 and December 2021 for the other jurisdictions. These results may deviate from the own calculations of national authorities. The investment rate of return is net of tax and investment expenses for Australia. The investment rate of return of pension funds is calculated only for new pension funds in Israel, contractual pension funds in Italy (and is net of taxes), mutual pension funds in Slovenia, pension funds in charge of the accumulation phase in Croatia, Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) schemes in Hong Kong (China). Source: OECD Global Pension Statistics.
Chile	-3.2	3.7	0.12962962962963
Hungary	-4.7	2.4	0.092592592592593
Czech Republic	-5.5	0.8	0.055555555555556
Turkey	-9.7	22.9	0.018518518518519


B. Selected other jurisdictions

	Real IRRs	Nominal IRRs	height
Egypt	8.8	14.2	0.980769230769231
Uganda	7.7	10.8	0.942307692307692
North Macedonia	4.6	9.6	0.903846153846154
Indonesia	4.0	5.9	0.865384615384615
Uruguay	3.9	12.1	0.826923076923077
Maldives	3.5	3.5	0.788461538461538
Kosovo	3.2	10.1	0.75
Thailand	2.0	4.2	0.711538461538462
Kazakhstan	1.7	10.3	0.673076923076923
India	1.4	7.1	0.634615384615385
Croatia	1.4	6.9	0.596153846153846
Albania	-0.4	3.3	0.557692307692308
Macau (China)	-0.5	0.5	0.519230769230769
Guyana	-1.3	4.3	0.480769230769231
Romania	-1.8	6.2	0.442307692307692
Peru	-2.4	4.5	0.403846153846154
Bulgaria	-2.5	5.1	0.365384615384615
Hong Kong (China)	-2.6	-0.3	0.326923076923077
Georgia	-3.2	10.2	0.288461538461538
Armenia	-4.6	2.8	0.25
Nigeria	-5.5	9.3	0.211538461538462
Serbia	-6.1	1.3	0.173076923076923
Pakistan	-6.5	5.0	0.134615384615385
Ghana	-9.8	1.6	0.096153846153846
Suriname	-26.5	18.0	0.057692307692308
Zimbabwe	-31.8	9.7	0.019230769230769

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