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Issuer: Riigikogu
Type: act
In force from: 01.01.2022
In force until: 27.05.2022
Translation published: 08.01.2022
1
Law of Obligations Act
Passed 26.09.2001
RT I 2001, 81, 487
Entry into force 01.07.2002
Amended by the following acts
Passed Published Entry into force
05.06.2002 RT I 2002, 53, 336 01.07.2002, in part 01.09.2002,
01.01.2003 and 01.07.2003
consolidated text on paper RT RT I 2002, 60, 374
19.11.2003 RT I 2003, 78, 523 27.12.2003
11.02.2004 RT I 2004, 13, 86 15.04.2004
22.04.2004 RT I 2004, 37, 255 01.05.2004
20.10.2004 RT I 2004, 75, 522 10.11.2004
08.12.2004 RT I 2004, 87, 593 01.01.2005
08.12.2004 RT I 2004, 90, 616 01.01.2005
15.06.2005 RT I 2005, 39, 308 01.01.2006
19.10.2005 RT I 2005, 61, 473 01.01.2006
11.10.2007 RT I 2007, 56, 375 12.12.2007
19.11.2008 RT I 2008, 54, 304 27.12.2008
10.12.2008 RT I 2008, 59, 330 01.01.2009
25.02.2009 RT I 2009, 18, 108 01.05.2009
18.11.2009 RT I 2009, 60, 395 01.07.2010
17.12.2009 RT I 2010, 2, 3 22.01.2010
28.01.2010 RT I 2010, 7, 30 26.02.2010
22.04.2010 RT I 2010, 22, 108 01.01.2011 , enters into force on
the date which has been determined
in the Decision of the Council of
the European Union regarding
the abrogation of the derogation
established in respect of the
Republic of Estonia on the basis
provided for in Article 140 (2) of
the Treaty on the Functioning of the
European Union, Council Decision
2010/416/EU of 13.07.2010 (OJ L
196, 28.07.2010, pp. 24-26).
30.09.2010 RT I 2010, 77, 590 23.02.2011, in part 01.07.2011
17.11.2010 RT I, 06.12.2010, 1 05.04.2011
25.11.2010 RT I, 21.12.2010, 1 31.12.2010
12.01.2011 RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 05.04.2011
20.01.2011 RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 23.02.2011, in part 05.04.2011 and
01.07.2011
09.06.2011 RT I, 29.06.2011, 1 30.06.2011
16.06.2011 RT I, 08.07.2011, 6 18.07.2011
14.11.2012 RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 01.05.2013
20.03.2013 RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 15.04.2013
23.05.2013 RT I, 11.06.2013, 3 01.07.2013
15.11.2013 RT I, 29.11.2013, 1 09.12.2013
Law of Obligations Act Page 1 / 289
12.12.2013 RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 13.06.2014, in part 10.01.2014; the
word "vendor" in Chapter 20 of
the Act, is substituted by the word
"trader" in the appropriate case form
26.03.2014 RT I, 11.04.2014, 1 01.10.2014
19.06.2014 RT I, 29.06.2014, 109 01.07.2014, the titles of ministers
replaced on the basis of subsection
107³ (4) of the Government of the
Republic Act.
18.02.2015 RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 01.10.2015
18.02.2015 RT I, 12.03.2015, 5 01.07.2015
18.02.2015 RT I, 23.03.2015, 2 01.10.2015
18.02.2015 RT I, 23.03.2015, 3 01.07.2015
10.06.2015 RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 01.01.2016
23.02.2016 RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 21.03.2016, in part 01.07.2016
14.12.2016 RT I, 31.12.2016, 1 10.01.2017, in part 31.10.2018,
nine months after entry into force
of the implementing regulation
of the European Commission
(OJ L 6, 11.01.2018, p. 3-25))
specified in Article 3(4) of Directive
2014/92/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council on
the comparability of fees related to
payment accounts, payment account
switching and access to payment
accounts with basic features (OJ L
257, 28.08.2014, p. 214-246).
08.02.2017 RT I, 22.02.2017, 1 01.01.2018
14.06.2017 RT I, 01.07.2017, 1 01.09.2017
26.10.2017 RT I, 17.11.2017, 2 27.11.2017
26.10.2017 RT I, 17.11.2017, 3 23.02.2018, in part 03.01.2018.
Entry into force 23.02.2018 -
changed: enters into force on the
date of implementation of Directive
(EL) 2016/97 of the European
Parliament and of the Council
on insurance distribution (recast)
(OJ L 26, 2.2.2016, p. 19–59)
[RT I, 30.12.2017, 3] – Directive
(EU) 2018/411 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of
14 March 2018 amending Directive
(EU) 2016/97 as regards the date
of application of Member States'
transposition measures (OJ L 76,
19.3.2018, p. 28-29) – 01.10.2018
15.11.2017 RT I, 07.12.2017, 1 13.01.2018, in part 14.09.2019, i.e.
18 months after the entry into force
of the Commission Implementing
Regulation specified in Article
98 of Directive 2015/2366/EU
of the European Parliament
and of the Council on payment
services in the internal market,
amending Directives 2002/65/EC,
2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and
Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010,
and repealing Directive 2007/64/
EC (OJ L 337, 23.12.2015, p.
35-127).] Commission Delegated
Regulation (EU) 2018/389, of 27
November 2017, supplementing
Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the
European Parliament and of the
Council with regard to regulatory
technical standards for strong
customer authentication and
common and secure open standards
Page 2 / 289 Law of Obligations Act
of communication, published in the
Official Journal of the European
Union on 13 March 2018 and
entered into force on 14 March
2018.
06.12.2017 RT I, 28.12.2017, 3 01.07.2018
13.12.2017 RT I, 30.12.2017, 3 03.01.2018
30.01.2019 RT I, 20.02.2019, 2 02.03.2019
13.11.2019 RT I, 04.12.2019, 1 14.12.2019
18.12.2019 RT I, 08.01.2020, 1 17.01.2020
16.12.2020 RT I, 04.01.2021, 2 14.01.2021
14.09.2021 RT I, 21.09.2021, 4 01.11.2021
10.11.2021 RT I, 24.11.2021, 1 01.01.2022, in part 28.05.2022
24.11.2021 RT I, 08.12.2021, 2 01.01.2022
Part 1
GENERAL PART
Chapter 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
§ 1. Application of Act
(1) The provisions of the General Part of this Act apply to all contracts specified in this Act or other Acts,
including employment contracts and other multilateral transactions, contracts which are not regulated by law but
are not in conflict with the content and spirit of the law, and obligations which do not arise from a contract.
(2) If a contract has the characteristics of two or more types of contract provided by law, the provisions of law
concerning such types of contract apply simultaneously, except provisions which cannot apply simultaneously or
the application of which would be contrary to the nature or purpose of the contract.
(3) The provisions of this Act concerning contracts apply to contracts entered into by more than two parties
(multilateral contract) unless they are contrary to the nature or purpose of the contract.
(4) The law may prescribe that specific rules apply to contracts or other obligations in the case a consumer or a
trader is a party to an obligation.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 – entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) For the purposes of this Act, a consumer is a natural person who concludes a transaction not related to
independent economic or professional activities.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 – entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) For the purposes of this Act, a trader is a person, including a legal person in public law, who concludes a
transaction which is related to independent economic or professional activities.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 – entry into force 13.06.2014]
§ 2. Definition of obligation
(1) An obligation is a legal relationship which gives rise to the obligation of one person (obligated person or
obligor) to perform an act or omission (perform an obligation) for the benefit of another person (entitled person
or obligee), and to the right of the obligee to demand that the obligor perform the obligation.
(2) The nature of an obligation may oblige the parties to the obligation to take the other party’s rights and
interests into account in a certain manner. An obligation may also be confined thereto.
§ 3. Bases for obligation
An obligation may arise from:
1) a contract;
2) unlawful damage;
3) unjustified enrichment;
Law of Obligations Act Page 3 / 289
4) negotiorum gestio;
5) a public promise to pay;
6) other bases provided by law.
§ 4. Imperfect obligation
(1) An imperfect obligation is an obligation which the obligor may perform but the performance of which
cannot be required by the obligee.
(2) The following are imperfect obligations:
1) an obligation arising from gambling, except for an obligation arising from gambling or a lottery organised
on the basis of a permit;
2) a moral obligation the performance of which complies with public mores;
3) an obligation assumed to secure performance of an imperfect obligation;
4) an obligation which is an imperfect obligation pursuant to law.
(3) Anything which has been delivered for an imperfect obligation to be performed shall not be reclaimed.
(4) The provisions of law concerning obligations apply to an imperfect obligation unless the application of such
provisions is contrary to the nature of the imperfect obligation.
[RT I 2004, 75, 522 – entry into force 10.11.2004]
§ 5. Principle of party autonomy of Act
Upon agreement between the parties to an obligation or contract, the parties may derogate from the provisions
of this Act unless this Act expressly provides or the nature of a provision indicates that derogation from this
Act is not permitted, or unless derogation is contrary to public order or good morals or violates the fundamental
rights of a person.
§ 6. Principle of good faith
(1) Obligees and obligors shall act in good faith in their relations with one another.
(2) Nothing arising from law, a usage or a transaction shall be applied to an obligation if it is contrary to the
principle of good faith.
§ 7. Principle of reasonableness
(1) With regard to an obligation, reasonableness is to be judged by what persons acting in good faith would
ordinarily consider to be reasonable in the same situation.
(2) In assessing what is reasonable, the nature of the obligation, the purpose of the transaction, the usages and
practices in the fields of activity or professions involved and other circumstances shall be taken into account.
Chapter 2
CONTRACT
Subchapter 1
General Provisions
§ 8. Definition of contract
(1) A contract is a transaction between two or more persons (parties) by which one party undertakes or the
parties undertake to perform an act or omission.
(2) A contract is binding on the parties.
§ 9. Entry into Contract
(1) A contract is entered into by an offer being made and accepted or by the mutual exchange of declarations of
intent in any other manner if it is sufficiently clear that the parties have reached an agreement.
(2) Upon acceptance of an offer, the contract is entered into when the acceptance reaches the offeror. In the
case of acceptance by an act which is not an express declaration of intent, the contract is entered into as of the
offeror becoming aware of the performance of the act unless, by virtue of the offer, practices which the parties
have established between themselves or a usage, the contract is deemed to have been entered into as of the
performance of the act.
Page 4 / 289 Law of Obligations Act
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