TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHES
       1. BOOSTERISM
       Underlying assumptions and related        Examples of related methods
          attitudes                               promotion
         tourism is inherently good              public relations
         tourism should be developed             advertising
         cultural and natural resources should 
          be exploited                            growth target
         industry as expert
         development defined in business/       Examples of related models
          corporate terms
                                                  demand forecasting models
       Definition of the tourism planning 
          problem                                Examples of related literature
         how many tourists can be attracted and 
          accommodated?                          Usually associated with tourism policy 
         how can obstacles be overcome?            statements
         convincing hosts to be good to tourists
       2. ECONOMIC
       Underlying assumptions and related               Examples of related methods
          attitudes                                        supply-demand analysis
         tourism equal to other industries                benefit-cost analysis
         use tourism to: create employment, earn          product-market matching
          foreign revenue and improve terms of             development incentives
          trade, encourage regional development,           market segmentation
          overcome regional economic disparities
         planner as expert                             Examples of related models
         development defined in economic terms            management processes
                                                           tourism master plans
       Definition of the tourism planning                  motivation
          problem                                          economic impact
         can tourism be used as a growth pole?            economic multipliers
         maximisation of income and employment            hedonistic pricing
          multipliers
         influencing consumer choice                   Examples of related literature
         providing economic values for                 Economic impact statements & feasibility 
          externalities                                     studies.  Examples would be analyses 
         providing economic values for                     of the potential benefits of hosting an 
          conservation purposes                             Olympic games.
      3. PHYSICAL/ SPATIAL
      Underlying assumptions and related                Examples of related methods
         attitudes                                        ecological studies
        tourism as a resource user                       environmental impact assessment
        ecological basis to development                  regional planning 
        tourism as a spatial and regional                perceptual studies
         phenomenon                                     Examples of related models
        environmental conservation                       spatial patterns and processes
        development defined in environmental             physical impacts
         terms                                            resort morphology
        preservation of genetic diversity                LAC (limits of acceptable change)
                                                          ROS (recreational opportunity 
                                                           spectrum)
      Definition of the tourism planning                  TOS (tourism opportunity spectrum)
         problem                                          destination lifecycles
        physical carrying capacity                     Examples of related literature
        manipulating travel patterns and  visitor flows
        visitor management                             Gunn 1994;
        concentration or dispersal of visitors         Inskeep 1991;
        perceptions of natural environment             Dowling 1997
        widerness and national park management
        designation of environmentally sensitive 
         areas
        4. COMMUNITY
         Underlying assumptions and             Examples of related methods
           related attitudes                       community development
          need for local control                  awareness and education
          search for balanced development         attitudinal surveys
          search for alternatives to ‘mass’       social impact assessment
           tourism development
          planner as facilitator rather than 
           expert                               Examples of related models
          development defined in socio-           ecological view of community
           cultural terms                          social/perceptual carrying capacity
        Definition of the tourism planning         attitudinal change
           problem                                 social multiplier
          how to foster community control?     Examples of related literature
          understanding community attitudes    Murphy 1985;
           towards tourism                      Blank 1989;
          understanding the impacts of         Macbeth 1997
           tourism on a community
          social impact