Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire Diverse Populations Literature Review 
                
           Author,                 Title                     Sample                        Variables                     Measures                                 Major Findings 
             Year 
         Albion, M.       Factors influencing        Study 1: 121                Career decision status          CDDQ                     In adolescents & adults, multidimensional model of 
         J., &           career decision making        Australian                 Personality type                IPIP Five-Factor           CDDQ fit both groups 
         Fogarty, G.     in adolescents and            adolescents, 78            General intellectual              Domain Scale            5 first-order factors fit better than 3 
         J. (2002)       adults                        females, 43 males,           functioning                    Shipley Institute of     In adolescents, the categories of difficulties in the 
                                                       mean age, 15.92 years,    Interests                          Living Scale              CDDQ were significant determinants of decision status 
                                                     Study 2: 127                                                 IDEAS Interest           In adults, the Internal Conflicts & Lack of Knowledge 
                                                       Australian adults: 86                                         Inventory                 about Additional Sources subscales had relatively low 
                                                       females, 41 males,                                          Personal Attributes        internal consistency 
                                                       mean age 33.44 years                                          Questionnaire  
         Amir, T., &      Facets of career           299 students (42%            Measured career decision-       CDDQ                     Career decision-making difficulties showed: high 
         Gati, I.        decision-making             female), at Israeli            making difficulties            Expressed                  positive correlation with expressed career decision-
         (2006)          difficulties                university; mean age:        Expressed career decision-        Difficulties              making difficulties, negative correlation with career 
                                                     22.3 years                     making difficulties              Questionnaire             decision-making self-efficacy & decidedness 
                                                                                  Career decision-making          Career Decision-         Career decision-making style positively correlated with 
                                                                                    self-efficacy                    Making Self-              career decision-making self-efficacy & related to level 
                                                                                  Vocational decision-              Efficacy Scale            of career decision-making difficulties  
                                                                                    making style                   Vocational               Career decision-making difficulties were lower for 
                                                                                  Degree of decidedness             Decision Style            introvert & thinking styles  
                                                                                  Cognitive and scholastic          Indicator               No relationship between cognitive/scholastic ability & 
                                                                                    ability                        Psychometric               career decision-making difficulties 
                                                                                                                     Entrance Test 
         Creed, P.       Reliability and validity    514 Chinese high              Psychometric properties        CDDQ                     2 stable factors for CDDQ: Lack of Information and 
         A., & Yin,      of a Chinese version of     school students                of CDDQ in terms of            Career Decision-           Inconsistent Information 
         W. O.           the Career Decision-                                       factor structure, reliability,   Making Self-            Did not confirm readiness to make a career decision 
         (2006)          Making Difficulties                                        & validity                       Efficacy Scale 
                         Questionnaire                                                                              Occupational 
                                                                                                                     Barriers Scale 
         Di Fabio,       Career decision             424 Italian apprentices,     Relation between career          CDDQ                     Negative correlations among 3 CDDQ dimensions & 
         A., &           difficulties and            mean age 21.13               decision difficulties &          Bar-On Emotional           total EI score 
         Palazzeschi     emotional intelligence:                                  emotional intelligence             Quotient Inventory:     Intrapersonal dimension of EI best predictor of CDDQ 
         , L. (2008)     Some empirical                                                                              Short                     dimensions 
                         evidence in an Italian                                                                                              
                         sample of wage-
                         earning apprentices 
                          
                          
           Author,               Title                    Sample                      Variables                   Measures                                Major Findings 
            Year 
         Gati, I., &   Internet-based versus      Hebrew version paper       Version (Translation) of      Internet version,       Hebrew sample had similar internal consistency & 
         Saka, N.      paper-and-pencil             & pencil: 417              CDDQ                            CDDQ, English           reliability between the Internet and paper & pencil 
         (2001)        assessment: Measuring        recently discharged       Medium of CDDQ                Internet version,        versions (r=.87, r=.88); similar structure derivation 
                       career decision-making       soldiers; Internet: 859    administration                  CDDQ, Hebrew            from 10 categories 
                       difficulties                 participants                                             Paper & pencil          English sample had high correspondence between two 
                                                  English version paper                                       version, CDDQ           media 
                                                    & pencil: 403 college                                      English 
                                                    students; Internet                                       Paper & pencil 
                                                    sample: 182                                                version, CDDQ 
                                                    participants                                               Hebrew 
         Li, X.        A report on revised        1182 Chinese college        Reliability of the Chinese    CDDQ, Chinese            Cronbach alpha ranged from .48-.87 
         (2007)        Career Decision-           students                     version of  the CDDQ          version                  Good construct validity, discriminant validity, & 
                       Making Difficulty                                      Validity of the Chinese                                 criterion-related validity 
                       Questionnaire                                           version of  the CDDQ                                   Seems to have psychometric reliability, but more 
                                                                                                                                       confirmation is needed 
         Pečjak, S.,   Personality,               641 Slovenian 4th grade   Personality                     CDDQ, Slovene           Significant differences between career decided and 
         & Košir, K.   motivational factors       students (38.7% boys,       Motivational factors            version                 undecided students on personality and motivational 
         (2007)        and difficulties in        61.3% girls)                Career decision-making        Big-Five Inventory,      variables  
                       career decision-making                                  difficulties                    Short,                 Personality and motivational factors explained 28% of 
                       in secondary school                                    Career decidedness            Self-regulation          the variance in career decision-making 
                       students                                                                                Inventory, Short  
                                                                                                             Satisfaction with 
                                                                                                               life scale