References
       1.  Java 2: The Complete Reference, Patrick Naughton
       and Herbert Schildt, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999. Rs 395.
       2.  Programming with Java, 2nd Edition, 
       E. Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw Hill, 1998, reprint,
       2000. Rs 170.
       3. The Java Tutorial, 2nd ed., 2 volumes,Mary
       Campione and Kathy Walrath, Addison Wesley
       Longmans, 1998. Latest version available online at
       java.sun.com. Download free. Book: Rs 630 (Vol. 1)
       and Rs 395 (Vol. 2).
       4. Core Java 2, 2 volumes, Cay S. Horstmann, Gary
       Cornell, The Sun Microsystems Press, 1999, Indian
       reprint 2000. Rs 450 (Vol. 1) and Rs 495 (Vol. 2).
       5. Using Java 2
       Joseph L. Weber
       Prentice Hall, Eastern Economy Edition, 2000. Rs 499.
       6. The Java Language Specification, 2nd ed, James
       Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele & Gilad Bracha, (1st ed
       1996, 2nd ed 2000), Sun Microsystems, 2000.
       Notes
        • Basic familiarity will be assumed with 
            – C and C++ 
            – OOP
            – Internet and WWW
        • Note: Please do whatever is necessary to justify
          these assumptions!
       CKR       Java Notes     2
       Java: Prehistory
        • Development 1: C++
            – C++  (or “C with Classes”) was invented
              in 1979, and became the stock
              programming language in the 90’s.
              (Standardized in Nov. 1997.)
            – What were the reasons for its success?  
            – Lesson: C++ very successful, since it
              enhanced an existing successful
              language like C.
            – (instead of building an entirely new
              programming language).
        • Development 2: GUI 
            – Object orientation permits reusable
              code, hence a Graphical User interface
              GUI (E.g. MS-Windows).
            – GUI has enormously expanded the
              number of computer-users. 
            – Lesson: Object oriented programming
              (OOP) with GUI is the “grand consensus
              of the computer industry”.
       CKR       Java Notes     3
       Java: Prehistory (contd.)
        • Development 3: Internet
            – Internet stared in the 1960’s as a way to
              maintain communications in the event of
              a nuclear attack. 
            – Success of ARPANET inspired NSFNET.
            – In 1983, TCP/IP became the official
              protocol which connected ARPANET and
              NSFNET.  
            – This collection of connected networks
              came to be called the Internet. 
            – By 1990, 3000 networks and 200,000
              computers were connected to the
              Internet.  By 1992, there were 1 million
              hosts. 
            – The hosts had diverse hardware and
              operating systems like DOS/Windows,
              UNIX, and MacOS. 
            – Problem: How to share information easily
              across different computer platforms? 
       CKR       Java Notes     4