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1 answer all questions 1x12 12 marks a distinguish between method and message in object method is defined as the implementation of an operation it specifies the algorithm or procedure ...

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                              1.   Answer all questions                                                                              (1X12=12 Marks) 
                                   a.  Distinguish between method and message in object? 
                                        Method is defined as the implementation of an operation. It specifies the algorithm or 
                                        procedure associated with an operation. Messages is Smalltalk t0 represent two-way 
                                        communications between the objects of the system 
                                   b.  What is interaction diagram?Mention its types? 
                                        Interaction diagrams are models that describe how a group of objects collaborate in 
                                        some behavior - typically a single use-case 
                                        They are two types  
                                        1.Interaction sequence diagram  
                                        2.Interaction collobaration diagram 
                                   c.  What is collobaration diagram? 
                                        A collaboration diagram, also called a communication diagram or 
                                        interaction diagram, is an illustration of the relationships and interactions among 
                                        software objects 
                                   d.  Define patterns? 
                                        In software development, a pattern (or design pattern) is a written document that 
                                        describes a general solution to a design problem that recurs repeatedly in many 
                                        projects.  
                                   e.  Define modular design? 
                                        Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a designapproach that subdivides a 
                                        system into smaller parts calledmodules or skids, that can be independently created 
                                        and then used in different systems. 
                                   f.   What is use case diagram? 
                                        A use case is a list of actions or event steps typically defining the interactions 
                                        between a role (known in the Unified Modeling Language as an actor) and a system to 
                                        achieve a goal. The actor can be a human or other external system. 
                                   g.  Define class diagram? 
                                        A class diagram is an illustration of the relationships and source code dependencies 
                                        among classes in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). 
                                   h.  Give the guide lines for naming classes? 
                                        Class names should be nouns in Upper case, with the first letter of every word 
                                        capitalized. Use whole words — avoid acronyms and abbreviations 
                                   i.   What is aggregation? 
                                        Aggregation is special form of association that specifies a whole-part relationship 
                                        between the aggregate (whole) and a component part composition. 
                                   j.   What is meant by CRC cards? 
                                        Class-responsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards are a brainstorming tool used in the 
                                        design of object-oriented software used to identify classes.  
                                   k.  What is metaphor? 
                                        The idea that the user is carrying on a dialogue with the system is a metaphor. 
                                         
                                         
                                      l.    What is Reusability? 
                                            Reusability is the use of existing assets in some form within the software product 
                                            development process. 
                                2.a) Explain about object oriented analysis of design model ?                                                                       6M 
                                Object-oriented analysis (OOA) and design (OOD) are techniques which have evolved since 
                                1988 to support the creation of object-oriented software targeted at languages like Smalltalk, 
                                C++ and Eiffel. 
                                A contrast is drawn between the older structured systems analysis and design and the newer 
                                OOA&D.  The aims and goals of SSA&D are different from the aims and goals of OOA&D. 
                                A large number of OO methods for analysis and design have been put forward.  These can 
                                roughly be categorised as: 
                                        Relationship and attribute centred approaches 
                                        Behaviour centred approaches 
                                        High industrial profile approaches    
                                        Synthesized approaches  
                                No one approach has all the best techniques. Very few approaches cover all aspects 
                                      inequaldepth 
                                Purposes of Analysis and Design 
                                      Analysis  looks  at  a  system  in  terms  of  problem-domain  concepts  and  seeks  to  elicit 
                                      natural  interactions  and  discover  natural  constraints.  The  aim  is  for  the  Software 
                                      Engineer to raise his understanding of the problem domain, communicate with the Client 
                                      (the  domain  expert)  and  sometimes  reveal  inconsistencies  and  incompleteness  in  the 
                                      Client's awareness of the problem domain. 
                                      Design  has  the  task  of  converting  the  analysis  model  into  concepts  and  abstractions 
                                      present  in  the  programming  style  of  the  target  language.  Such  concepts  can  include 
                                      procedures,  modules,  objects, or processes  and  vary  from  language  to  language.  The 
                                      design model may have to integrate with existing subsystems or aim to use components 
                                      from an existing software library. 
                                      Analysis and design are often assumed to be completely independent from the chosen         
                                      programming language. 
                                      However, this is not the case!To see this, we need to step back and consider analysis,     
                                      design and programming as human conceptual activities. 
                                 
                    2.b) Explain usecase modelling with an example ?                                                  6M
                                            Purpose-----2M  Notations----2M   Any relevant example------2M  
                           Use cases are descriptions of the functionality of the system from the users' pers-
                    pective. Use case diagrams are used to show the functionality that the system will provide 
                    and  to  show  which  users  will  communicate  with  the  system  in  some  way  to  use  that 
                    functionality. The following figure shows an example of a use case diagram. 
                    Purpose Of Use case diagrams  
                           The use case model is called as the requirements model; which also include a problem 
                    domain object model and user interface descriptions in this requirements model.  
                           Use  cases  specify  the  functionality  that  the  system  will  offer  from  the  users' 
                    perspective.  They  are  used  to  document  the  scope  of  the  system  and  the  developer's 
                    understanding of what it is that the users require.  
                           Use cases are supported by behavior specifications. These specify the behaviour of 
                    each  use  case  either  using  UML  diagrams,  such  as  collaboration  diagrams  or  sequence 
                    diagrams or in text form as use case descriptions.  
                           Textual use case descriptions provide a description of the interaction between the 
                    users of the system called actors, and the high level functions within the system called use 
                    cases.  
                    Notation of USE CASE Diagrams  
                           Use  case  diagrams  show  three  aspects  of  the  system:  actors,  use  cases  and 
                    relationships of the system or sub-system boundary. 
                    The following Figure  shows the elements of the notation.  
                                                                     Communication Association                                         USE CASE  
                     
                                        Actor 
                         S ta ff C o n ta c t                        C h a n g e  a  C lie n t c o n ta c t
                                                                                                              
                     
                     
                     
                                  Example 
                                                                                                             A d d  a  n e w  m e m b e r o f s ta ff
                                                                                                                  a d d  a   n e w  s ta ff g ra d e
                                          s t a ff  c o n t a c t                                                 c h a n g e  th e  r a te  fo r  a  s ta ff 
                                                                                                                                   g r a d e
                                                                                                                   c h a n g e  th e  g r a d e  fo r  a  
                                                                                                                          m e m b e r o f s ta ff
                                                                                                                       c a lc u la te  s ta ff b o n u s e s
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                  3.a)Explain about fact finding btechniques with examples?                                                                                      6M 
                                                                                                                          Techniques----3M  Examples-----3M 
                                  There  are  five  main  fact  finding  techniques  that  are  used  by  analysts  to  investigate 
                                  requirements.  
                                        1.  Background Reading. 
                                        2.   Interviewing. 
                                        3.   Observation. 
                                        4.   Document sampling. 
                                        5.   Questionnaires. 
                                  Background Reading 
                                              If  an  analyst  is  assigned  within  the  organization  that  is  the  subject  of  the  fact 
                                  gathering  exercise,  then    he  or  she  will  already  have  a  good  under  standing  of  the 
                                  organization and its business objectives. If, however,  he or she is going in as an outside 
                                  consultant,  then  one  of  the  first  tasks  is  to  try  to  gain  an  understanding  of  the 
                                  organization.Background reading or research is part of that process.  
                                  The kind of documents that are suitable sources of information include the following:  
                                  company reports, organization charts, policy manuals, job descriptions, Reports    and  
                                  documentation of existing systems.  
                                  Example 
                                        •        Background reading is appropriate for projects where the analyst is not familiar with        
                                                 the organization being investigated. 
                                        •        It is useful in the initial stages of investigation.  
                                   
                                   
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...Answer all questions x marks a distinguish between method and message in object is defined as the implementation of an operation it specifies algorithm or procedure associated with messages smalltalk t represent two way communications objects system b what interaction diagram mention its types diagrams are models that describe how group collaborate some behavior typically single use case they sequence collobaration c collaboration also called communication illustration relationships interactions among software d define patterns development pattern design written document describes general solution to problem recurs repeatedly many projects e modular modularity designapproach subdivides into smaller parts calledmodules skids can be independently created then used different systems f list actions event steps defining role known unified modeling language actor achieve goal human other external g class source code dependencies classes uml h give guide lines for naming names should nouns up...

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