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1. Answer all questions (1X12=12 Marks)
a. Distinguish between method and message in object?
Method is defined as the implementation of an operation. It specifies the algorithm or
procedure associated with an operation. Messages is Smalltalk t0 represent two-way
communications between the objects of the system
b. What is interaction diagram?Mention its types?
Interaction diagrams are models that describe how a group of objects collaborate in
some behavior - typically a single use-case
They are two types
1.Interaction sequence diagram
2.Interaction collobaration diagram
c. What is collobaration diagram?
A collaboration diagram, also called a communication diagram or
interaction diagram, is an illustration of the relationships and interactions among
software objects
d. Define patterns?
In software development, a pattern (or design pattern) is a written document that
describes a general solution to a design problem that recurs repeatedly in many
projects.
e. Define modular design?
Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a designapproach that subdivides a
system into smaller parts calledmodules or skids, that can be independently created
and then used in different systems.
f. What is use case diagram?
A use case is a list of actions or event steps typically defining the interactions
between a role (known in the Unified Modeling Language as an actor) and a system to
achieve a goal. The actor can be a human or other external system.
g. Define class diagram?
A class diagram is an illustration of the relationships and source code dependencies
among classes in the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
h. Give the guide lines for naming classes?
Class names should be nouns in Upper case, with the first letter of every word
capitalized. Use whole words — avoid acronyms and abbreviations
i. What is aggregation?
Aggregation is special form of association that specifies a whole-part relationship
between the aggregate (whole) and a component part composition.
j. What is meant by CRC cards?
Class-responsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards are a brainstorming tool used in the
design of object-oriented software used to identify classes.
k. What is metaphor?
The idea that the user is carrying on a dialogue with the system is a metaphor.
l. What is Reusability?
Reusability is the use of existing assets in some form within the software product
development process.
2.a) Explain about object oriented analysis of design model ? 6M
Object-oriented analysis (OOA) and design (OOD) are techniques which have evolved since
1988 to support the creation of object-oriented software targeted at languages like Smalltalk,
C++ and Eiffel.
A contrast is drawn between the older structured systems analysis and design and the newer
OOA&D. The aims and goals of SSA&D are different from the aims and goals of OOA&D.
A large number of OO methods for analysis and design have been put forward. These can
roughly be categorised as:
Relationship and attribute centred approaches
Behaviour centred approaches
High industrial profile approaches
Synthesized approaches
No one approach has all the best techniques. Very few approaches cover all aspects
inequaldepth
Purposes of Analysis and Design
Analysis looks at a system in terms of problem-domain concepts and seeks to elicit
natural interactions and discover natural constraints. The aim is for the Software
Engineer to raise his understanding of the problem domain, communicate with the Client
(the domain expert) and sometimes reveal inconsistencies and incompleteness in the
Client's awareness of the problem domain.
Design has the task of converting the analysis model into concepts and abstractions
present in the programming style of the target language. Such concepts can include
procedures, modules, objects, or processes and vary from language to language. The
design model may have to integrate with existing subsystems or aim to use components
from an existing software library.
Analysis and design are often assumed to be completely independent from the chosen
programming language.
However, this is not the case!To see this, we need to step back and consider analysis,
design and programming as human conceptual activities.
2.b) Explain usecase modelling with an example ? 6M
Purpose-----2M Notations----2M Any relevant example------2M
Use cases are descriptions of the functionality of the system from the users' pers-
pective. Use case diagrams are used to show the functionality that the system will provide
and to show which users will communicate with the system in some way to use that
functionality. The following figure shows an example of a use case diagram.
Purpose Of Use case diagrams
The use case model is called as the requirements model; which also include a problem
domain object model and user interface descriptions in this requirements model.
Use cases specify the functionality that the system will offer from the users'
perspective. They are used to document the scope of the system and the developer's
understanding of what it is that the users require.
Use cases are supported by behavior specifications. These specify the behaviour of
each use case either using UML diagrams, such as collaboration diagrams or sequence
diagrams or in text form as use case descriptions.
Textual use case descriptions provide a description of the interaction between the
users of the system called actors, and the high level functions within the system called use
cases.
Notation of USE CASE Diagrams
Use case diagrams show three aspects of the system: actors, use cases and
relationships of the system or sub-system boundary.
The following Figure shows the elements of the notation.
Communication Association USE CASE
Actor
S ta ff C o n ta c t C h a n g e a C lie n t c o n ta c t
Example
A d d a n e w m e m b e r o f s ta ff
a d d a n e w s ta ff g ra d e
s t a ff c o n t a c t c h a n g e th e r a te fo r a s ta ff
g r a d e
c h a n g e th e g r a d e fo r a
m e m b e r o f s ta ff
c a lc u la te s ta ff b o n u s e s
3.a)Explain about fact finding btechniques with examples? 6M
Techniques----3M Examples-----3M
There are five main fact finding techniques that are used by analysts to investigate
requirements.
1. Background Reading.
2. Interviewing.
3. Observation.
4. Document sampling.
5. Questionnaires.
Background Reading
If an analyst is assigned within the organization that is the subject of the fact
gathering exercise, then he or she will already have a good under standing of the
organization and its business objectives. If, however, he or she is going in as an outside
consultant, then one of the first tasks is to try to gain an understanding of the
organization.Background reading or research is part of that process.
The kind of documents that are suitable sources of information include the following:
company reports, organization charts, policy manuals, job descriptions, Reports and
documentation of existing systems.
Example
• Background reading is appropriate for projects where the analyst is not familiar with
the organization being investigated.
• It is useful in the initial stages of investigation.
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