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✁✄✂✆☎✞✝✆✟✡✠☞☛✍✌✎☎✏✟✒✑✔✓✖✕✘✗
✙✛✚✢✜ ✣✥✤✧✦✩★✏✪✬✫✭✤✥✮✯✮✰✚✲✱
✳✵✴✡✶
✷✹✸✻✺✞✸✲✼✾✽❀✿❂❁❄❃❆❅✹❇❈❁❄❉✲❊✰❅✩❁❋❅❍●■✼✄❏✞❑▼▲❄◆✻❖✯P❘◗✰❙❈❑❍❉✥❚✲❯✰❖▼❱✵❖✔◆✻❯✰❖✯P❳❲ ❙❈❨✰◗✰▲
❩✹❬✞❭✥❪■❫✏❴✏❵✲❛✾❭❝❜✖❞✞❡
❢■❣✐❤❦❥♠❧ ♥✩♦❝♣❆q r❍st♣❈✉❍✈✞✇❈❤❘❧ ①✹♣❈②✔②✰③✩④
⑤⑦⑥✛⑧✰⑨❆⑩✹❶✵❷❸⑨
❹✥❺❄❻❽❼❋♥✩♦✆❧ ❥■❾✆❥♠❧ ❿▼✇✰① ❣✐➀✯❺♠❣❄❻✭✇✰♥❈➁■❣❈❤➃➂✖➄✰①✰✇❈❤❦♥❈➅✢❤❦❾✰❿❍❿▼❧ ♦✯➅➆① ❾✰♦✯➅✹➄❈❾✯➅✩❣✞❻❽❼❈❾❈❻■➇❈❤❳❧ ➈❈➅✩❣✯❥■❻❽❼❈❣✭➅❆❾❋✇❝➇✰❣✯❻❳➁➉❣❄❣✐♦✆➊➋❾✰♦❈➈❝❥➌❼❈❣❈① ①❈✇❈❤❦♥❈➅✢❤❦❾✰❿❍❿▼❧ ♦✯➅✢➀
❾❋♦❋➈✒❧ ❥■❻❽❼✰➄❋❥➍❧ ➈✰❣❄❾✰① ① ❺✞❥♠➄✰❧ ❻✖❣❄➈➎➂❳♥✰❤✞➏t❻❽❼✰❤❦♥❈➁■➐✖❾✯➁■❾❄❺✆✇✐❤❦♥❈➅✹❤✻❾✰❿▼❿❍❧ ♦✯➅✰➑➒❾✰♦❈➈✘❤❦❾✰✇✰❧ ➈▼✇✐❤❦♥✰❻➓♥✰❻❘❺✐✇✰❧ ♦✯➅✥q✭➔ ❻✖❥✭❥❽❺❈♦❈❻✖❾✯→➎❧ ❥➍✇✔➄❈❻■❻✖♥❈➅❆❣❄❻❽❼❈❣❈❤❆➂✖❤✻♥❆❿
➣ ♥✩♦❈❥t❻❽❤❘➄ ➣ ❻✖❥✵➇✔♥❋❤❘❤❦♥❈➁■❣❄➈❝➂↔❤❦♥✩❿↕❾▼➙❄❾✐❤❘❧ ❣❄❻❘❺✆♥❈➂■♥✰❻❽❼❈❣❈❤■① ❾❋♦✐➅✢➄❈❾✯➅✩❣❄❥♠➛❆❿✛♥✰❥t❻✵✇❈❤❦♥✩❿▼❧ ♦❈❣❈♦❈❻✏❾✐❤❦❣❍❧ ♦✯➜✥➄❈❣✐♦ ➣ ❣❄❥➉➂↔❤❦♥✩❿↕✈➒➝■➊■➀❆➊■➀✏➞▼♥✩➈❆➄✰① ❾✯➐✖➟
❾❋♦❋➈➋➔ ➣ ♥✩♦❆q
➠✞❼❈❣✆❹✥❺❄❻t❼❈♥✩♦✆❧ ♦❋❻✖❣✐❤❘✇❈❤❦❣❄❻✖❣❈❤✹❧ ❥✏❣❄❾❈❥♠❧ ① ❺■❣❀→✐❻✖❣❈♦❈➈✰❣❄➈✆➁✞❧ ❻t❼➒♦❈❣✯➁➋➂↔➄✰♦ ➣ ❻❽❧ ♥✩♦❈❥✏❾✰♦❈➈✆➈✰❾❈❻✖❾➒❻❘❺❈✇✰❣✯❥✾❧ ❿▼✇✰① ❣❈❿✛❣❈♦❈❻✖❣♠➈➒❧ ♦➒➊✭q❆❹✥❺✯❻❽❼❈♥✩♦✎❧ ❥✏❾✰① ❥t♥
❥➌➄✰❧ ❻✖❾✰➇✰① ❣➒❾❈❥✞❾✰♦▼❣♠→❈❻✖❣✐♦❈❥♠❧ ♥✩♦✛① ❾❋♦✐➅✢➄❈❾✯➅✩❣✎➂❳♥✰❤■❼✰❧ ➅✢❼✰① ❺ ➣ ➄❈❥t❻✖♥✩❿▼❧ ➡♠❾❋➇✔① ❣✞➊➢❾✰✇✰✇✰① ❧ ➣ ❾✐❻t❧ ♥✩♦❋❥■❥➌➄ ➣ ❼❝❾✐❥✞❣✯➈✩❧ ❻✖♥✰❤✻❥✭♥✰❤■➁✞❧ ♦❈➈✰♥❈➁✬❿✛❾✰♦❈❾✯➅✩❣❈❤❦❥❄q
❹✥❺✯❻❽❼❈♥✩♦✆❧ ❥➤❾❈➙✯❾❋❧ ① ❾❋➇✔① ❣➉➂❳♥✰❤✹➙✯❾✐❤❘❧ ♥✩➄❈❥✏♥✩✇✔❣✐❤❦❾❈❻❽❧ ♦✐➅➆❥t❺❄❥t❻✖❣✐❿❝❥➌➀✯❾✰❿❝♥✩♦✯➅✩❥t❻✹➁➍❼✔❧ ➣ ❼➒❥t❣❄➙✯❣✐❤❦❾✰①❀➜✢❾❈➙❄♥✰❤❦❥✏♥❈➂■➥✭➦✞➔ ➧➍➀❈✈✞❿❝♥✩❣❈➇❈❾✰➀❈❻❽❼❈❣✞✈✞✇✰✇✰① ❣
➞❍❾ ➣ ❧ ♦❈❻✖♥✰❥♠❼✛➨➎q ➩✲q ➀✹❾✰♦❈➈➋➞✒➩✔➐♠➫✵➨✎➩✲q
➠✞❼✰❧ ❥❝❻❽➄❈❻✖♥✰❤❘❧ ❾✰①✏❧ ♦❈❻❽❤❦♥✩➈❆➄ ➣ ❣✯❥➆❻t❼❈❣✡❤❦❣❄❾❈➈✰❣❈❤➒❧ ♦✯➂❳♥✰❤❘❿❝❾❋① ① ❺✛❻✖♥➋❻❽❼❈❣➋➇❈❾❈❥➌❧ ➣❍➣ ♥✩♦ ➣ ❣✐✇❈❻✖❥❝❾❋♦❋➈➋➂❳❣✯❾✐❻t➄✰❤❦❣❄❥✆♥❈➂➒❻❽❼❈❣➭❹✥❺❄❻t❼❈♥✩♦➋① ❾✰♦✯➅✹➄❈❾✯➅✩❣
❾❋♦❋➈✄❥❽❺✯❥❽❻➓❣✐❿➯q✄➔ ❻❍❼❈❣❈① ✇❈❥❝❻✖♥✄❼❈❾❈➙❄❣❂❾➢❹✥❺✯❻❽❼❈♥✩♦➭❧ ♦❈❻➓❣✐❤❘✇❈❤✻❣✯❻✖❣✐❤✞❼❋❾❋♦❋➈✰❺➲➂❳♥✰❤➒❼❈❾✰♦❈➈✔❥✖➐✖♥✩♦➋❣❀→❋✇✔❣✐❤❘❧ ❣✐♦ ➣ ❣✐➀✭➇✰➄❈❻✛❾❈❥▼❻❽❼❈❣✘❣♠→❈❾✰❿❍✇✰① ❣❄❥✆❾❈❤✻❣
❥❽❣❈① ➂❦➐ ➣ ♥✩♦❈❻✖❾✰❧ ♦❈❣❄➈❆➀❈❻❽❼❈❣✛❻t➄❈❻✖♥✰❤❘❧ ❾✰① ➣ ❾✰♦❍➇✔❣❍❤❦❣❄❾❈➈✘♥❈➳✲➐❽① ❧ ♦❈❣✞❾❈❥✞➁■❣✐① ①➵q
➸❈♥❋❤❝❾✄➈✰❣✯❥ ➣ ❤❘❧ ✇❈❻t❧ ♥✩♦➺♥❈➂✛❥❽❻✖❾✰♦❈➈✔❾✐❤❦➈➻♥❆➇t➼❳❣ ➣ ❻✖❥✘❾✰♦❈➈✬❿❝♥❆➈✩➄✰① ❣❄❥♠➀✭❥❽❣✯❣❂❻❽❼❈❣➾➽➒➚✹➪✻➶✏➹❆➘✍➴✭➷↔➬❋➮➌➱❆➮✯➚❐✃✆❒✖❮❈❒❈➮♠❒❈➘■❰❄❒✘❿✛❾✰♦✰➄❋❾❋①➵qÏ➠➍❼❈❣
➽➒➚✹➪✻➶✏➹❆➘➻✃✆❒✖❮❈❒❈➮♠❒❈➘■❰❄❒❝ÐÑ➱❆➘✏Ò➤➱❆Ó❈➅✹❧ ➙✯❣❄❥✞❾❍❿❝♥✰❤✻❣✎➂❘♥❋❤❘❿❝❾✰①❈➈✰❣♠Ô✥♦✰❧ ❻❽❧ ♥✩♦✛♥❋➂✾❻t❼❈❣✛① ❾✰♦✯➅✢➄❋❾❄➅❆❣✰q
â Õ ✃×Ö✏Ò➤➬➓Ø✐❒✯❰✰➪ Õ Ó✻➱❆Ù✯Ù❄➷ Ú✆❰❄➱✹➪❘➷✖➹❆➘✄Û❄Ü✹Ý✹Ý✹Ü❈Þ❆ß✞➫✞q ➟✹q r❆➀✏➫✞q ➟✹q ➟✩➀✾➫✞q ♣❆q ③✩➀✲à✲q ♣✰➀➉➫✞q r✹q á✩➀✏➫✞q r❸q ❿✘q
❒❈➚❆ã➒➹❆➮♠ä❆Ù➯åæ➽✞➶✲➮➌➱❆Ù❈❒❈Ù✐ß✭➨➒➇t➼❘❣ ➣ ❻❘➐✖♥✰❤❳❧ ❣✐♦❋❻✖❣❄➈❍① ❾✰♦✯➅✢➄❈❾✯➅✩❣✯❥➌➀✲❹✲❺❄❻❽❼❈♥❆♦✰➀✥➩✹✇❈❾✰♦✰❧ ❥♠❼✘➔ ♦❈ç❆➄✰❧ ❥♠❧ ❻❽❧ ♥❆♦✰➀✩➩✲❹✰✈✎➞❂q
òôó✩õ✲õ■ó❋ö❋ó❆õ✥õ✥÷➺ø
è▼é✥ê✏ë✏ì♠í❘î✥ï✏ð×ñ ëÏù✏ð♠í ñ ï➤ð❀í❳ú■îÏûÏü✥ð✯ï■ý✰þ⑦ü✲ð♠í❳ÿ ñ ï è▼ý✰ú✏ð❄ì ✁ þ ✂ ✄➲þ⑦ÿ❄ð❄ý✔ì✆☎■ü✲þ ✂✞✝ ï■ý✠✟✘ý✔ð❄ï■ý✰ì☛✡❳ü✲ú☞☎■ÿ✍✌
✄✎✡✏✡✒✑✒í❳î✥ï✏ð✯ÿ✓✑✘ý✰ÿ✯ý✰ì✆✔✲ý✍☎
✕ ý✰ì❄þ➢í❘ÿ❄ÿ❀í❳é✥ú ð✯é ✁ ÿ❄ý ✂ ñ é✥ê✏ë ✂ þ⑦é✖☎✏í✏✗❽ë ✂ ü✥ú☞☎✘☎✏í❘ÿ❄ð✯ì♠í ø ✁ ð❄ý✧ð❄ï✏í❘ÿ✡ÿ✯é✙✗❽ð✛✚▼ü✥ì✯ý✄ü✥ú✜☎✬í❘ð❄ÿ✢☎■é ñ ✁ þ⑦ý✔ú➤ð✯ü✥ð❀í❳é✥ú✣✗❽é✲ì✘ü✥ú✏ëÏê ✁ ì❄ê✭é✥ÿ✯ý
ü✥ú✜☎✤✚▼í❘ð❄ï■é ✁ ð✎✗tý✰ý➋í❳ÿ➲ï■ý✰ì✯ý ø ë❐î✲ì❄ü✲ú➤ð✯ý✍☎ ✂ ê■ì❄é✙✔✲í✥☎➉ý✍☎✍ð❄ï➉ü✥ð✘ð❄ï➉ý✄ü ø é✙✔✥ý ñ é✲ê➤ë✏ì❀í❳î✥ï✏ð➲ú■é✥ð❀í ñ ý➢ü✥ê■ê✭ý✰ü✲ì▼í❳ú✍ü✦✡✧✡ ñ é✥ê✏í❘ý✰ÿ➋ü✥ú☞☎
ð❄ï➉ü✥ð ø é✥ð❄ïÏð✯ï■ü✥ð ñ é✲ê✏ë➤ì❀í❳î✲ï➤ð✘ú➉é✥ð♠í ñ ý✄ü✲ú☞☎Ïð❄ï✏í❘ÿ❂ê✭ý✰ì❄þ➢í❘ÿ❄ÿ♠í❘é✥ú ú■é✥ð❀í ñ ý➭ü✥ê■ê✭ý✰ü✥ì▼í❘ú✍ÿ ✁ ê■ê✵é✲ì❄ð❀í❳ú■î★☎■é ñ ✁ þ⑦ý✰ú✏ð❄ü✲ð♠í❘é✥ú ✂ ü✥ú☞☎
ð❄ï➉ü✥ð➋ð❄ï■ý➢ú■ü✲þ⑦ý✰ÿ➋é✙✗✒ù✏ð❀í ñ ï✏ð♠í❘ú■î ûÏü✲ð❄ï■ý✰þ⑦ü✲ð♠í❘ÿ ñ ï è▼ý✰ú✏ð❄ì ✁ þ é✲ì➺è✪✩✬✫✘ú■é✥ð ø ý ✁ ÿ✯ý✍☎↕í❳ú ü✭☎✜✔✥ý✰ì✯ð♠í❳ÿ❀í❳ú■î↕é✥ì➋ê ✁ ø ✡❦í ñ í❘ð♠ë
ê✭ý✰ì❄ð✯ü✹í❳ú✾í❳ú■îÏð❄é✮☎✏í❘ÿ❄ð❄ì❀í ø ✁ ð♠í❳é✲ú é✙✗✆ð❄ï■ý➋ÿ❄é✦✗❽ð✛✚▼ü✥ì❄ý✢✚▼í❘ð❄ï■é ✁ ð❂ÿ✯ê✵ý ñ í✧✯ ñ ✂ ✚✘ì♠í❳ð✯ð❄ý✰ú↕ê■ì♠í❘é✥ì❂ê✭ý✰ì✯þ➢í❳ÿ❄ÿ❀í❳é✲ú✰✌
ù ✝ ✫❄è✎✱ ✝ ✫✆✟✓✲ û✘✄ ✝ ✱✓✳❝û✘✄ ✝ ✫❄ù■è✎✱ è✎✳✴✟ ✝ ✑✎✵❂û✷✶✸✫❄ù■è✎✹✺✄✓✫❄û✍ù✣✄✻✹✼✹✽✩✾✄✢✑✓✑✎✄✢✟ ✝ ✫✆✳✛ù✣✩✿✫ ✝ ✱❀✑✸✳❁✲✢✄✢✑✓✶
✝✓❂❃✝ ✱✎✫❄ù ù ❂✻❄✼✝ ✩✾✄✢✑✓✳ ✂ ✫✆✟❂è✎✹✼✵✓✶✸✫✆✟✓✲❅✄✢✹❆✹✽✫❄û ✕ ✹✰✫✆✳❁✶❃✩✾✄✢✑✓✑✎✄✢✟ ✝ ✫✆✳✛ù ❂✢❄ û✾✳✴✑✘è✎✱✎✄✻✟ ✝ ✄✻❇✴✫✆✹✰✫ ✝✪❈
✄✻✟✸✶ ❄ ✫ ✝ ✟✓✳✛ù■ù ✂ ✫✆✟❉✟ ❂ ✳✒❊✻✳❁✟ ✝ ù☞✱❋✄✻✹✼✹ ù ✝ ✫❄è✎✱ ✝ ✫✆✟✓✲☞û✘✄ ✝ ✱✸✳✛û✘✄ ✝ ✫❄ù➉è✎✱ è✎✳❁✟ ✝ ✑✎✵❂û●❇❍✳✽✹✰✫✛✄✢❇❍✹✼✳ ö
❄❆❂ ✑■✄✢✟ ❈ ù ✕ ✳✛è✪✫✛✄✻✹ ✂ ✫✆✟✸✶✓✫✆✑✸✳✛è ✝❏❂ ✑ è ❂ ✟➲ù☞✳❁❑✢✵✓✳❁✟ ✝ ✫✛✄✻✹✘✶✎✄➋û✘✄✓✲✠✳✛ù ❂ ✑❏✄✻✟ ❈ ✶✎✄➋û✘✄✓✲✠✳✛ù✸✩▲✱❋✄ ✝
ù ❂ ✳▼❊✢✳❁✑▲✑✸✳✛ù☞✵✸✹ ✝ ✫✆✟✓✲ ❄ ✑ ❂ û◆✹ ❂ ù➉ù ❂✢❄ ✵➲ù☞✳ ✂ ✶✎✄ ✝ ✄ ❂ ✑ ✕ ✑ ❂✢❄ ✫ ✝ ù ✂ ✩▲✱✸✳ ✝ ✱✓✳✴✑✿✫✆✟✬✄✻✟✬✄❂è ✝ ✫ ❂ ✟
❂✢❄ è ❂ ✟ ✝ ✑❋✄❂è ✝✢✂ ✟✓✳❁✲❖✹✰✫✆✲✠✳❁✟➲è✎✳ ❂ ✑ ❂✸✝ ✱✓✳❁✑ ✝✓❂ ✑ ✝ ✫ ❂ ✵❂ù✣✄❂è ✝ ✫ ❂ ✟ ✂ ✄✢✑✎✫❄ù✖✫✆✟✸✲ ❂ ✵ ✝P❂✢❄▲❂ ✑◗✫✆✟
è ❂ ✟✓✟✸✳✛è ✝ ✫ ❂ ✟❘✩✿✫ ✝ ✱ ✝ ✱✸✳❙✵➲ù☞✳ ❂ ✑ ✕ ✳❁✑ ❄✼❂ ✑❂û✘✄✢✟❂è✎✳ ❂✢❄❏✝ ✱✎✫❄ùÏù ❂✢❄✼✝ ✩✾✄✢✑✓✳✪✌
Contents
1 WhettingYourAppetite 1
1.1 WhereFromHere ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 2
2 UsingthePythonInterpreter 3
2.1 Invoking the Interpreter ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 3
2.1.1 ArgumentPassing ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 4
2.1.2 Interactive Mode ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 4
2.2 TheInterpreter and its Environment ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 4
2.2.1 Error Handling ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 4
2.2.2 TheModuleSearchPath ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 5
2.2.3 “Compiled”Pythonfiles ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 5
2.2.4 Executable Python scripts ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 5
2.2.5 TheInteractive Startup File ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 5
2.3 Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 6
2.3.1 Line Editing ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 6
2.3.2 History Substitution ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 6
2.3.3 KeyBindings ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 6
2.3.4 Commentary ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 7
3 AnInformalIntroductionto Python 8
3.1 Using Pythonas a Calculator ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 8
3.1.1 Numbers ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 8
3.1.2 Strings ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 10
3.1.3 Lists ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 12
3.2 First Steps Towards Programming ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 14
4 MoreControl FlowTools 16
4.1 If Statements ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 16
4.2 For Statements ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 16
4.3 Therange()Function ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 17
4.4 Breakand Continue Statements, and Else Clauses on Loops ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 18
4.5 Pass Statements ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 18
4.6 DefiningFunctions ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 19
5 OddsandEnds 21
5.1 MoreonLists ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 21
5.2 Thedelstatement ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ 22
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