Converting Data Types 
                                                                String Operations                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Python  2.7 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Essentials 
 
               Useful String functions:                                                                                                                                                              Convert anything to a string: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     newstring = str() 
               Make lowercase:                                                                                       "A".lower()="a" 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   POCKET REFERENCE GUIDE  
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     newstring = str(100) 
               Make UPPERCASE :                                                                                      "a".upper()="A" 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SANS Institute 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
               Make Title Format:        "hi world".title()="Hi World"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                www.sans.org/sec573 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Convert String to Integer: 
               Replace a substring:      "123".replace('2','z')= "1z3" 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   http://isc.sans.edu 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     newint = int([,base]) 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Mark Baggett  Twitter: @markbaggett 
               Count occurrences of substring:"1123".count("1")=2 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     All of the following assign the 
               Get offset of substring in string:  "123".index("2")=1 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     variable ten the integer 10  
               Detect substring in string:       “is” in “fish”  == True 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3 Methods of Python Execution 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> ten = int(“1010”,2) 
               Encode "a string":    "a string".encode(codec name) 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> ten = int(“0010”) 
               Decode a string:       "a string".decode(codec name) 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Command line Execution with -c: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> ten = int(“000A”,16) 
               Example with the ROT13 codec: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             # python –c [“script string”]   
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
               >>> print "RAPBQR-ZR".decode("rot13") 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             python –c "print 'Hello World!'"  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Convert Float to Integer by dropping decimal: 
               ENCODE-ME 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                     newint = int() 
                
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Python Interpreter Script Execution: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> print int(3.1415) 
               Some String encoders/decoder codec names: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             # cat helloworld.py 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     3 
               Base64, bz2 , hex, rot13, uu, zip, string_escape 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             print "Hello World" 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> int(3.6) 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             # python helloworld.py 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     3 
               Convert a string to a list (default separator=space):                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Hello World 
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
               newlist = astr.split()                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Convert String or number to Float: 
               >>> print "A B C".split() 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Python Interactive Shell: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     afloat = float() 
               ['A', 'B', 'C']                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               # python 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> print float("1.5") 
               >>> print "A B     C".split()                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 >>> print "Hello World" 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.5 
               ['A', 'B', 'C']                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Hello World 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> print float(1) 
               >>> print "A,B,  ,C".split(",") 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.0 
               ['A', 'B', '  ', 'C'] 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
               >>> print "WANNA BANANA?".split("AN") 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Convert String Character to ASCII decimal: 
               ['W', 'NA B', '', 'A?'] 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Python Command Line Options 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     newint = ord() 
                
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> print ord("A") 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               # python –c “script as string” 
               Convert a list (or other iterable object) to a string: 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     65 
               Join a list together putting string between elements.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Execute a string containing a script 
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               # python –m  [module args]  
 
               “astring”.join([list]) 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Convert ASCII decimal to String of length 1: 
               >>> print "".join(['A','B','C'])                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Find module in path and execute as a script 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     newstr = chr() 
               ABC                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Example: python –m “SimpleHTTPServer” 
                                                                                                                                                                                                     >>> print chr(65) 
               >>> print ",".join(['A','B','C'])                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               # python –i  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     A 
               A,B,C 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Drop to interactive shell after script execution 
                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                        SEC573 PyWars Essentials 
                     Loops Lists & Dictionaries                                                             Misc 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                            Create pyWars Object 
      List essentials:                                                          Adding Comments to code: 
 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> import pyWars 
                                                                                #Comments begin the line with a pound sign  
        Create an empty list:                            newlist=[] 
 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game= pyWars.exercise() 
                                                                                 
        Assign value at index:               alist[index]= value 
                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                Defining Functions: 
        Access value at index                           alist[index] 
                                                                                                                                                            Account Mangement 
                                                                                Here is a function called “add”.  It accepts 2 arguments 
        Add item to list:                  alist.append(new item) 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game.new_acct("username","password") 
                                                                                num1 and num2 and returns their sum. Calling “print 
 
        Insert into list:      alist.insert(at position, new item) 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game.login("username","password") 
                                                                                add(5,5)”   will print “10” to the screen: 
 
        Count # of an item in list:           alist.count( item ) 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game.logout() 
                                                                                 
 
        Delete 1 matching item:        alist.remove(del item) 
                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                def add(num1, num2): 
 
        Remove item at index                   del alist[index]   
                                                                                                                                                            Query a question: 
                                                                                    #code blocks must be indented 
 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game.question() 
                                                                                    #each space has meaning in python 
 
      Dictionary essentials:                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                    myresult = num1 + num2 
 
        Create an empty dict:                                dic={}                 return myresult                                                         Query the data: 
 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game.data() 
        Initialize a non-empty dictionary:                                         
 
                                                                                                                                                             
                       dic = { “key1”:”value1”,”key2”:”value2”}                 if then else statements: 
 
                                                                                if :                                                          Submit an answer: 
        Assign a value:                        dic[“key”]=”value” 
 
                                                                                                                                                            >>> game.answer(, 
                                                                                    #code block here will execute  
        Determine if  key exists:           dic.has_key(“key”) 
 
                                                                                                                                                                solverfunc(game.data())) 
                                                                                    #when logic test 1 is True 
        Access value at key:        dic[“key”], dic.get(“key”) 
 
                                                                                elif : 
                                                                                                                                                             
        List of all keys:                                     dic.keys() 
                                                                                    #code block executes logic test 1 is  
                                                                                                                                                                           Logic and Math Operators 
                                                                                                                                                           
        List of all values:                                dic.values() 
                                                                                    #False and logic test 2 is True 
                                                                                                                                                           
        List of (key,value) tuples:                     dic.items()             else: 
 
                                                                                                                                                          Math Operator  Example                        X=7, Y=5 
                                                                                    #code block for else has no test and  
         
 
                                                                                                                                                          Addition              X  + Y                   12 
                                                                                    #executes when if an all elif are False 
      Looping examples: 
 
                                                                                                                                                          Subtraction           X  -  Y                  2 
        For loop 0 thru 9:                     for x in range(10): 
                                                                                           Slicing and Indexing Strings, Lists, etc 
                                                                                                                                                          Multiplication        X  * Y                  35 
        For loop 5 thru 10:                for x in range(5,11): 
                                                                                                                                                          Division              X  / Y                   1 
        For each char in a string:          for char in astring: 
                                                                                Slicing strings and lists: 
                                                                                                                                                          Division              X  / float(Y)            1.4 
 
        For items in list :                              for x in alist: 
                                                                                x[start:stop:step]    x=[4,8,9,3,0]     x=”48930” 
                                                                                                                                                          Exponent              X ** Y                  16807 
        For loop retrieving indexes and values in a list :  
                                                                                x[0]                  4                 ‘4’ 
 
                                                                                                                                                          Modulo                X % Y                   2 
                              for index,value in enumerate(alist): 
                                                                                x[2]                  9                 ‘9’ 
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          Logic Operator                                 
        For keys in a dict :                 for x in adict.keys(): 
                                                                                x[:3]                 [4,8,9]           ‘489’ 
 
        For items in dict :      for key,value in adict.items():                                                                                          Equality             X == Y                   False 
                                                                                x[3:]                 [3,0]             ‘30’ 
 
        while  do:                                                                                                                            Greater Than         X > Y                    False 
                                                                                x[:-2]                [4,8,9]           ‘489’ 
 
                                                                                                                                                          Less Than            X < Y                    True 
                                                                                x[::2]                [4,9,0]           ‘490’ 
 
      Loop Control statements (for and while): 
                                                                                                                                                          Less or Equal        X <= Y                   True 
                                                                                x[::-1]               [0,3,9,8,4]       ‘03984’ 
 
      Exit loop immediately                                   break 
                                                                                                                                                          Not Equal            X !=Y or X<>Y            True 
                                                                                len(x)                5                 5 
 
      Skip rest of loop and do loop again            continue 
                                                                                                                                                          Other Logical Operators:  AND, OR and NOT 
                                                                                sorted(x)             [0,3,4,8,9]       ['0', '3', '4', '8', '9']