Food irradiation – opportunities and challenges
                            FOOD IRRADIATION –
                            OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
                                                            1 21, 2))
                                PiPurwiyattno H Hariiyadidiand d 
                                Rindy P Tanhindarto2, 3)
                            1 Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) 
                             Center,,g Bogor Aggricultural Universityy ;; 
                            2 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering 
                             and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, and 
                            3 Center for Application of Isotope and Irradiation Technology, National Nuclear 
                             Energy Agency, INDONESIA
                                                                                        PurwPurwiyiyatno Hariyatno Hariyaadidi
                                                                                        hhaarriyiyaaddi@i@seafaseafasst.orgt.org
                            FOOD IRRADIATION –
                            OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
                                                            1 21, 2))
                                PiPurwiyattno H Hariiyadidiand d 
                                Rindy P Tanhindarto2, 3)
                                                                       Presented at :
                           http://www.ilsiacfns2012.com/acfns2012/scientific-program/day-3-program.html
                                                                                        PurwPurwiyiyatno Hariyatno Hariyaadidi
                                                                                        hhaarriyiyaaddi@i@seafaseafasst.orgt.org
          hariyadi@seafast.org
                                                                                                                       1
                  Food irradiation – opportunities and challenges
                                    FOOD IRRADIATION –OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
                                                                  1, 2)                                     2, 3)
                                    Purwiyatno Hariyadi                 and Rindy P Tanhindarto
                                    1
                                     Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural 
                                               2
                                    University ;  Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and 
                                                                             3
                                    Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, and  Center for Application of Isotope and Irradiation Technology, 
                                    National Nuclear Energy Agency, INDONESIA
                                    ABSTRACT
                                    Food irradiation is a controlled exposure of food to ionizing radiation, capable of 
                                    inactivating microorganisms without significantly impacting the quality aspect of foods. 
                                    Food irradiation may potentially (i) reduce or eliminate microbial contamination problems 
                                    and (ii) reduce food waste due to spoilage and deterioration.  It has been reported that 
                                    about 40 countries worldwide have applied food irradiation as a mean of controlling 
                                    contamination and prolonging the freshness of foods.  Consequently, food irradiation 
                                    technology has a big potential in improving food security and at the same time may 
                                    ffacilitilitatte ththe economiic ddevellopmentt ththroughh iintternattiionall ttradde.  TTo ttakke addvanttage off 
                                    the potential of food irradiation; overcoming challenges of infrastructure along with 
                                    technical expertise limitations and the lack of private sector participation are necessary.  
                                    Food safety and food security are complex problems which involve many stakeholders as 
                                    well as many countries; therefore international networking and partnerships are 
                                    considered essential. 
                                                                                                                     PurwPurwiyiyatno Hariyatno Hariyaadidi
                                                                                                                     hhaarriyiyaaddi@i@seafaseafasst.orgt.org
                                      Radiation?
                                      The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                        • ElectromagneticElectromagnetic wavewave ÆÆ f=cf = c//λλ
                                                 where 
                                                 c = speed of light (3 x 1010 cm/sec, at vacuum). 
                                                 f = frequency (sec-1) 
                                                 λ = Wave length (cm)
                                        • Energy (E) = hf 
                                                                                                             -27
                                                  h = Plank’s Constant (6.626 x 10                                ergs sec) 
                                                                                                                     PurwPurwiyiyatno Hariyatno Hariyaadidi
                                                                                                                     hhaarriyiyaaddi@i@seafaseafasst.orgt.org
             hariyadi@seafast.org
                                                                                                                                                              2
              Food irradiation – opportunities and challenges
                             Radiation?
                             The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                           105cm-1       1010cm-1        1015cm-1       1020cm-1
                            FrequencyFrequency, ff
                                         3x105cm   3x102cm
                           Wave Length, = 3 km      = 3 m 3 cm         3um      3nm3Å
                                       λ
                                         4x10-10eV      4x10-5eV           4eV     4KeV     4MeV
                               EnergyEnergy, EE
                                              Radio waves         Infrared    UV
                                                                                   X-Rays and γ-Rays
                                                       Microwaves         Visible
                                                                           Light
                                                                                        Purwiyatno Hariyadi
                                                                                         hariyadi@seafast.org
                             Radiation?                                               Ionizing
                                                                                     Radiation=
                             The Electromagnetic Spectrum                            Irradiation
                                           105cm-1       1010cm-1        1015cm-1       1020cm-1
                            FrequencyFrequency, ff
                                         3x105cm   3x102cm
                           Wave Length, = 3 km      = 3 m 3 cm         3um      3nm3Å
                                       λ
                                         4x10-10eV      4x10-5eV           4eV     4KeV     4MeV
                               EnergyEnergy, EE
                                              Radio waves         Infrared    UV
                                                                                   X-Rays and γ-Rays
                                                       Microwaves         Visible
                                                                           Light
                                                                                        Purwiyatno Hariyadi
                                                                                         hariyadi@seafast.org
          hariyadi@seafast.org
                                                                                                                        3
                              Food irradiation – opportunities and challenges
                                                                Food irradiation                                                                                                                  Ionizing
                                                                                                                                                                                               Radiation=
                                                                Sources of Irradiation                                                                                                          Irradiation
                                                                 • Cobalt 60 - 1.33 MeV 
                                                                 • Cesium 137 - 662 keV 
                                                                 • Electron accelerators operated at 10 MeV or less 
                                                                 • X-ray generators operated at  7.5 MeV or less 
                                                                                            4x10-10eV                         4x10-5eV                                 4eV                4KeV                 4MeV
                                                                     EnergyEnergy, EE
                                                                                                       Radio waves                                 Infrared                   UV
                                                                                                                                                                                          X-Rays and γ-Rays
                                                                                                                            Microwaves                                Visible
                                                                                                                                                                       Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                       PurwPurwiyiyatno Hariyatno Hariyaadidi
                                                                                                                                                                                                       hhaarriyiyaaddi@i@seafaseafasst.orgt.org
                                                                Food irradiation
                                                                Dose of Irradiation
                                                                         Irradiation doses are measured in gray (Gy) 
                                                                                               • Absorbed dose [Gy] = joule/kg 
                                                                                                    absorbed energy
                                                                                                       • Applied dose = energy source x time 
                                                                                                            exposed
                                                                                                       ••   AbsorbedAbsorbed dosedose == ff(applied(applied ddoseose andand otherother 
                                                                                                            factors), determenined by dosimetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                       PurwPurwiyiyatno Hariyatno Hariyaadidi
                                                                                                                                                                                                       hhaarriyiyaaddi@i@seafaseafasst.orgt.org
                      hariyadi@seafast.org
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