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4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration
Objectives: Write the general solution of a differential
equation.
Use indefinite integral notation for
antiderivatives
Use basic integration rules to find
antiderivatives
Assignment: pg. 255 #’s 2‐44 even
Exploration
For each derivative, describe the original function F.
a. 'Fx( ) 2x
b. 'Fx( ) x
2
c. 'Fx( ) x
d. 'Fx( ) 1
x2
e. 'Fx( ) 1
x3
f. 'Fx( ) cosx
Definition of Antiderivative
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval
Fx'( ) f(x)
I if for all x in I.
You can represent the entire family of
antiderivatives of a function by adding a constant to
a known antiderivative.
2
then f()xx C
F'(xx) 2
The constant C is called the constant of
integration.
1
Notation for Antiderivatives
When solving a differential equation of the form
dy f ()x
dx
It is convenient to write in the equivalent differential
form dy f ()x dx
The operation of finding all solutions of this
equation is called antidifferentiation (or indefinite
integration) and is denoted by an integral sign ∫.
yf()xdxF()xC
Variable of
integration Constant of
integration
yf()xdxF()xC
Integrand An
antiderivative
of f (x)
The expression ∫ f (x)dx is read as the antiderivative of
f with respect to x. So, the differential dx serves to
identify x as the variable of integration. The term
indefinite integral is a synonym for antiderivative.
Basic Integration Rules
Differentiation Formulas
d d sinxxcos
C 0
dx dx
d d cosxxsin
kx k
dx dx
d d 2
tan xxsec
kf ()x kf ()x
dx dx
d d secx secxxtan
f ()xg()x f()xg()x
dx dx
d d 2
nn1 cot csc
xx
xn x dx
dx
d cscx cscxxcot
dx
2
Basic Integration Rules
Integration Formulas
sin x C
xdx
0 dxC cos
cosxC
kd x sin xd x
kx C
sec2xd x
kf ()x dx kf()xdx tan x C
sec tan secxC
f ()xg ()xdx x xdx
f()xdx g(xd)x
xn1 2
n csc
Cn, 1 xdxcotxC
xd xn1
cscxcotxd x
cscx C
Find the general solution of the differential equation.
dy 3x
dx
Examples
Original Rewrite Integrate Simplify
Integral
1 dx
x3
xdx
2sinx dx
3
(2x ) dx
42
35x xxdx
x1dx
x
sin x dx
cos2 x
4
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