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Abrief introduction to Semi-Riemannian geometry and
general relativity
Hans Ringstr¨om
May 5, 2015
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Contents
1 Scalar product spaces 1
1.1 Scalar products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Orthonormal bases adapted to subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Causality for Lorentz scalar product spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Semi-Riemannian manifolds 7
2.1 Semi-Riemannian metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Pullback, isometries and musical isomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Causal notions in Lorentz geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Warped product metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Existence of metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 Riemannian distance function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 Relevance of the Euclidean and the Minkowski metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Levi-Civita connection 15
3.1 The Levi-Civita connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Parallel translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Geodesics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4 Variational characterization of geodesics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 Curvature 25
4.1 The curvature tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Calculating the curvature tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 The Ricci tensor and scalar curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4 The divergence, the gradient and the Laplacian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5 Computing the covariant derivative of tensor fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5.1 Divergence of a covariant 2-tensor field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.6 An example of a curvature calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.6.1 Computing the connection coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.6.2 Calculating the components of the Ricci tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.7 The 2-sphere and hyperbolic space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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4.7.1 The Ricci curvature of the 2-sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.7.2 The curvature of the upper half space model of hyperbolic space . . . . . . 36
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