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universidade tecnica de lisboa instituto superior tecnico special relativity with geometric algebra hugo de sousa del negro dissertation submitted for obtaining the degree of master in electrical and computer engineering ...

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                                                     UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA 
                                                         INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO 
                                        
                                     
                   
                   
                                Special relativity with geometric algebra 
                   
                                                 Hugo de Sousa Del-Negro 
                   
                   
                               Dissertation submitted for obtaining the degree of 
                               Master in Electrical and Computer Engineering 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                          
                                                       Jury 
                                                
                  Supervisor:           Carlos Manuel dos Reis Paiva, PhD 
                  Co-Supervisor:        António Luís Campos da Silva Topa, PhD 
                  President:            José Manuel Bioucas Dias, PhD 
                  Member:               Sérgio Almeida Matos, PhD  
                   
                                                        April  2011 
                   
                   
                   
                   
          
          
          
          
          
          
         Acknowledgments 
          
         This dissertation was a significant challenge that wouldn’t be accomplished without the 
         support, patient and guidance of Professor Carlos Manuel dos Reis Paiva my supervisor. 
         His  wisdom,  knowledge  and  commitment  to  the  highest  standards  inspired  and 
         motivated me. I would also like to thank Professor António Luís Campos da Silva Topa 
         for  also  following  me  in  these  several  months,  showing  availability  and  patience. 
         Finally,  my  colleagues  who  inspired  me  and  helped  me  despite  all  the  academic 
         pressures that we all shared  
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
                             II 
          
         Abstract 
          
          
         Mathematics  is  an  essential  tool  in  engineering,  therefore,  its  simplicity  is  the  key 
         element for  its  better  understanding  and  consequently  to  its  advance.  The  excessive 
         employment of Descartes’ coordinate system, caused by the scientists’ misconception of 
         vectors, has led developers to an unnecessary complexity in calculations. In this context, 
         the  aim  of  this  work  is  to  help  to  improve  the  language  of  physics,  through  a 
         mathematic  formalism  that  integrates  all  the  common  algebraic  systems  such  as 
         complex numbers, matrix and vectors algebra and which is directly conceived from the 
         physical world. Geometric algebra offers powerful new capabilities, such as the spinor 
         theory, an invariant (coordinate-free) formulation for boosts and rotations providing a 
         simple  and  intuitive  understanding  of  special  relativity  in  two-dimensions.  The 
         subsequently rising of hyperbolic numbers is comprehended with the extension of the 
         general numeral system, with the revision of the hypercomplex numbers. Consequently, 
         the  general  problem  of  relativistic  non-collinear  addition  of  velocities  in  the  four-
         dimensional space-time is addressed with the introduction of a new encoding algebraic 
         structure,  gyrogroups.  Furthermore,  for  moving  media,  the  coordinate-free  approach 
         provides the comprehension and reduction of Maxwell equations in space-time. The 
         results obtained avoid some rather cumbersome algebraic manipulations from the tensor 
         (or dyadics) approach, thus, attaining simpler and more elegant solutions.  
          
          
         Keywords 
         Geometric algebra; Bivector; Geometric product; Boost; Relativistic optic;  Minkowski; 
         Lorentz;  Moving  media; Spinor;  Vacuum  Form Reduction; Hypercomplex  numbers; 
         Gyrogroups; Gyrocommutativity 
          
          
          
                        
                             III 
          
         Resumo 
           
         A matemática é uma ferramenta fundamental da engenharia. A sua simplificação é um 
         dado  essencial  para  a  evolução  do  conhecimento  e  avanço  científico.  Contudo,  o 
         emprego excessivo do sistema de coordenadas cartesiano, originado por uma concepção 
         errada  de  vector,por  parte  da  comunidade  científica,  tem  sido  responsável  por  uma 
         complexidade  de  cálculos  desnecessária.  Neste  contexto,  o  objectivo  deste  estudo  é 
         aperfeiçoar a linguagem da física, através de um formalismo matemático que integre 
         todos os sistemas algébricos comuns, e que seja directamente concebido a partir do 
         mundo físico. A álgebra geométrica oferece potenciais  novos recursos, tais como a 
         teoria de Spinor. Este é um instrumento invariante,independente de qualquer sistema de 
         coordenadas  para  a  formulação  de  boosts  e  rotações,    e  que  proporciona  uma 
         compreensão  simples  e  intuitiva  da  relatividade  restrita  em  duas  dimensões.  O 
         subsequente aparecimento de números hiperbólicos, irá implicar a extensão do conceito 
         geral  de  números  e  a  revisãoo  dos  números  hipercomplexos.  Consequentemente,  o 
         problema relativista da soma de velocidades não colineares em quatro dimensões, será 
         analisada  com  a  introdução  de  um  nova  representação  algébrica:  os  gyrogroups.  
         Adicionalmente serão abordados os meios em movimento, novamente, a independência 
         do sistema de coordenadas permite uma melhor compreensão e consequentemente a 
         redução das equações de Maxwell no campo espaço-temporal. Os resultados permitem 
         contornar as complexas manipulações da algebra tensorial (ou diadica), possibilitando 
         alcançar soluções mais simples e elegantes. 
          
          
          
          
          
         Palavras-chave 
         Álgebra  Geométrica;  Bivector;  Produto  geométrico;  Boost;  Óptica  relativista;  
         Minkowski;  Lorentz;  Meios  em  movimento;  Spinor;  Forma  de  redução  ao  vácuo; 
         Hipercomplexos ; Gyrogroups; Gyrocomutatividade. 
          
                             IV 
          
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...Universidade tecnica de lisboa instituto superior tecnico special relativity with geometric algebra hugo sousa del negro dissertation submitted for obtaining the degree of master in electrical and computer engineering jury supervisor carlos manuel dos reis paiva phd co antonio luis campos da silva topa president jose bioucas dias member sergio almeida matos april acknowledgments this was a significant challenge that wouldn t be accomplished without support patient guidance professor my his wisdom knowledge commitment to highest standards inspired motivated me i would also like thank following these several months showing availability patience finally colleagues who helped despite all academic pressures we shared ii abstract mathematics is an essential tool therefore its simplicity key element better understanding consequently advance excessive employment descartes coordinate system caused by scientists misconception vectors has led developers unnecessary complexity calculations context...

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